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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">132</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP132</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Schizophrenia: a narrative review of etiological and diagnostic issues</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Шизофрения: нарративный обзор этиологических и диагностических проблем</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1334-7866</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6603176840</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">G-8650-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7284-3874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oskolkova</surname><given-names>Sofia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осколкова</surname><given-names>Софья Натановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>dr. sci (med.), professor, leading researcher, branch of endogenous psychosis of the department of forensic psychiatric expertise in criminal proceedings, the Serbsky state scientific center for social and forensic psychiatry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения эндогенных психозов отделения судебно-психиатрической экспертизы в уголовном судопроизводстве Государственного научного центра социальной и судебной психиатрии им. Сербского</p></bio><email>oskolkova.1954@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-05-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-04-28"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Oskolkova S.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Осколкова С.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oskolkova S.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Осколкова С.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/132">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/132</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that schizophrenia has already been described historically and researched for a long time, this disorder remains unclear and controversial in many respects, including its etiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and therapy.</p> <p>METHODS: Literature from the selected sources (elibrary.ru, Russian Science Citation Index and the Russian branch of the Cochrane Library) were searched and analyzed using the diachronic method. Priority was given to reviews, guidelines, and original research on schizophrenia written during the past 10 years.</p> <p>RESULTS: Historically, scientists have described schizophrenia as a single disorder, a group of disorders, or even as a combination of certain syndromes. The polymorphic symptoms and the most typical dynamics of various forms of schizophrenia have been systematized, but neither in Russia nor in other countries have the etiology and pathogenesis been proven. The reasons for the under- and overdiagnosis of schizophrenia cannot cover all possible objective and subjective difficulties arising in the diagnostic process.</p> <p>CONCLUSION: The existing literature shows that the problem of schizophrenia may not be regarded as settled for a long time. This largely depends on the position of society, the development of biological sciences, and the pathomorphosis of the disorder itself. Many aspects of schizophrenia can become clearer and less controversial with systematic studies based on previous data, as well as data obtained using new research methods.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Несмотря на описание шизофрении еще в древней истории, многолетние исследования, данное расстройство во многих аспектах остается неясным и спорным. Это касается этиологии, патогенеза, классификации, диагностики, оптимизации терапии.</p> <p>МЕТОДЫ: Литература (выборочные релевантные открытые источники — из системы elibrary.ru и РИНЦ, а также базы Российского отделения Кокрановской библиотеки (https://www.cochrane.org/ru/evidence) анализировалась диахроническим методом, что позволило выявить важные переменные в воззрениях на шизофрению на протяжении 100 лет до настоящего времени. Приоритет отдавался обзорам и руководствам, оригинальным исследованиям по проблеме шизофрении последних 10 лет.</p> <p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Согласно литературе, проанализированной по концепционной схеме (основные направления и факты в изучении этиологии, динамики, критериев диагностики шизофрении, спорные аспекты указанных направлений и фактов; основные перспективы в изучении шизофрении), были получены представленные результаты. У психиатров всегда были основания различных воззрений на данное расстройство, варианты его динамики и критерии динамических этапов, включая ремиссию. В разные годы ученые находят аргументы для взгляда на шизофрению и как на одно расстройство, так и на два и даже на группу расстройств, а также как на синдромы. Систематизирована полиморфная симптоматика и наиболее типичная динамика многообразных форм шизофрении, однако ни в России, ни в других странах по-прежнему не доказана этиология и не сформирована концепция патогенеза даже в рамках отдельных типов расстройства. Приведенные в доступной литературе причины гипо- и гипердиагностики шизофрении не могут охватить все вероятные объективные и субъективные трудности, возникающие при диагностическом процессе.</p> <p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: В целом же, как следует из отечественной и зарубежной литературы, проблему шизофрении еще долго нельзя будет относить к исчерпанным. Во многом это зависит от позиций общества, развития биологических наук и патоморфоза самого расстройства. Многие аспекты шизофрении могут стать более ясными и менее спорными при систематических системных исследованиях, основанных на полученных ранее и дальнейших данных, на новом этапе методических возможностей. Обзор литературных данных по указанным выше аспектам шизофрении может способствовать вниманию ученых к тем или иным результатам исследований, при ином анализе и синтезе информации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>schizophrenia</kwd><kwd>biological psychiatry</kwd><kwd>etiology</kwd><kwd>diagnostic approaches</kwd><kwd>diagnostic errors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>шизофрения</kwd><kwd>биологическая психиатрия</kwd><kwd>этиология</kwd><kwd>диагностические подходы</kwd><kwd>диагностические ошибки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bleiler E. Handbook of Psychiatry. Moscow: Izdatel′stvo Nezavisimoy psikhiatricheskoy assotsiatsii; 1993. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kraepelin E. Psychiatric. 5th ed. Moscow: Binom, Laboratoriya znanii; 2009. 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