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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">136</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP136</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychological Distress amongst Russian Citizens during Spring 2020</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Представления о пандемии COVID-19 и психологический дистресс у граждан России весной 2020 года</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8721-7656</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8215-0621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pervichko</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Первичко</surname><given-names>Елена Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, Doctor of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Faculty of Clinical Psychology and Social Sciences</p></bio><email>elena_pervichko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-4404</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9184-7235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitina</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митина</surname><given-names>Ольга  Валентиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, PhD in Psychology, Leading scientific fellow, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><email>editor@consortium-psy.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-5082</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8778-7782</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Olga B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Ольга  Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, PhD in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><email>editor@consortium-psy.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3608-9038</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2468-2436</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konyukhovskaya</surname><given-names>Yulia E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конюховская</surname><given-names>Юлия  Егоровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant, Faculty of Clinical Psychology and Social Sciences, Researcher, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><email>editor@consortium-psy.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-4195</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1424-2424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shishkova</surname><given-names>Irina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шишкова</surname><given-names>Ирина  Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology, Researcher, Faculty of Clinical Psychology</p></bio><email>editor@consortium-psy.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-2046</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dorokhov</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дорохов</surname><given-names>Егор  Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Consultant, Personnel Assessment Department, Department of Professional Competence Assessment, University of the Bank of Russia, Researcher, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Университет Банка России</p></bio><email>editor@consortium-psy.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Bank of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный Банк Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-07-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>70</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-14"><day>14</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Pervichko E.I., Mitina O.V., Stepanova O.B., Konyukhovskaya Y.E., Shishkova I.M., Dorokhov E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Первичко Е.И., Митина О.В., Степанова О.Б., Конюховская Ю.Е., Шишкова И.М., Дорохов Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pervichko E.I., Mitina O.V., Stepanova O.B., Konyukhovskaya Y.E., Shishkova I.M., Dorokhov E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Первичко Е.И., Митина О.В., Степанова О.Б., Конюховская Ю.Е., Шишкова И.М., Дорохов Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/136">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/136</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the emotional state of a wide range of people around the world. Studying the social and psychological factors of psychological distress is required in the context of the pandemic in different countries. This study aims to explore the relationship between the emotional state of Russian citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic and their perceptions of it, and its dependence on various socio-demographic characteristics.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Russian version of the Perceived Stress Scale, the State Scale from Spilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the modified version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire were used for the purposes of this study. The data was analyzed via descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Scale Consistency Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (Path Analysis Method).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><bold>:</bold> The study sample consisted of 1192 Russian-speaking respondents. The findings suggest that psychological distress affects all components of the ideas about the pandemic. The "Psychological distress" variable positively influences the "Threat to life" and "Fear of an unknown disease" components of the ideas about the pandemic, whereas the "Control" component (ideas about the ability to control events) is ambivalent. On the one hand, the severity of psychological distress reduces the idea of being able to control events; on the other, the psychological distress experienced increases the feeling of threat and uncertainty, and stimulates the control of these feelings to be realized. In addition, significant differences were revealed in the nature of perceptions of the pandemic and psychological distress, as dependent on gender, age, type of employment, daily routine during self-isolation, income, as well as a fear of possible stigmatization with regard to COVID-19. It has been shown that underestimating the disease leads to improvement of psychological well-being. However, respondents who underestimated the danger of coronavirus paid less attention to the measures taken against the virus. If the respondent had relatives infected with COVID-19, they were found to perceive the COVID-19 pandemic as more threatening and less understandable.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Through assessing a level of threat and fear of an unknown disease, we defined that psychological distress has a direct and mediated influence on the feeling of control over the pandemic. However, the results on the role of psychological distress and perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic, taken together, appear rather contradictory. Further research exploring additional predictors of psychological well-being and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic is required to provide solid conclusions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ:</bold> Пандемия COVID-19 оказала влияние на эмоциональное состояние широкого круга людей во всем мире, что делает необходимым изучение социальных и психологических факторов психологического неблагополучия населения разных стран. Настоящее исследование направлено на изучение связи между эмоциональным состоянием граждан России во время пандемии COVID-19 и их представлениями об этой пандемии, в их зависимости от различных социально-демографических характеристик.</p> <p><bold>МЕТОДЫ:</bold> Для целей исследования использовались: социально-демографический опросник, русскоязычная версия Шкалы воспринимаемого стресса, Шкала состояний из опросника тревожности Ч. Спилбергера, модифицированная версия Краткого опросника восприятия болезни. Данные были проанализированы с помощью методов описательной статистики, дисперсионного анализа, эксплораторного факторного анализа, корреляционного анализа, анализа согласованности шкал, а также с помощью моделирования структурными уравнениями (процедура путевого анализа).</p> <p><bold>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ:</bold> Выборку исследования составили 1192 русскоязычных респондента. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что психологический дистресс оказывает значимое влияние на все составляющие представлений о пандемии. Так, переменная «Психологический дистресс» положительно влияет на такие компоненты представлений о пандемии, как «Угроза жизни» и «Страх неизвестной болезни», тогда как компонент «Контроль» (представления о способности контролировать события) испытывает на себе амбивалентное влияние. С одной стороны, тяжесть психологического дистресса снижает представление о способности контролировать события. С другой стороны, выраженный психологический дистресс усиливает чувство угрозы и неуверенности и, далее, стимулирует к реализации контроль над этим чувством. Кроме того, выявлены существенные различия в характере представлений о пандемии и в выраженности психологического неблагополучия в зависимости от пола, возраста, вида занятости, режима дня в период самоизоляции, уровня доходов, а также страха перед возможной стигматизацией в случае заболевания COVID-19. Показано, что психологическое благополучие выше у респондентов, недооценивающих степень опасности COVID-19. Однако респонденты, недооценившие опасность коронавируса, меньше внимания уделяли мерам защиты от вируса. Респонденты, имеющие родственников, болеющих или болевших COVID-19, воспринимали эту пандемию как более угрожающую и менее понятную.</p> <p><bold>ВЫВОДЫ:</bold> Оценивая уровень угрозы и страха перед неизвестным заболеванием, мы определили, что психологический дистресс оказывает прямое и опосредованное влияние на представления о способности контролировать события в условиях пандемии COVID-19. Однако результаты о вкладе психологического дистресса в представления о пандемии COVID-19, в совокупности, представляются довольно противоречивыми. Для получения убедительных выводов необходимы дальнейшие исследования, изучающие дополнительные предикторы психологического благополучия и дистресса во время пандемии COVID-19.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>perception of the COVID-19 pandemic</kwd><kwd>cultural-historical concept</kwd><kwd>stress</kwd><kwd>psychological distress</kwd><kwd>pandemic threat</kwd><kwd>pandemic control</kwd><kwd>suspense</kwd><kwd>structural equation modeling</kwd><kwd>Russian citizens</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>представления о пандемии COVID-19</kwd><kwd>культурно-историческая концепция</kwd><kwd>стресс</kwd><kwd>психологический дистресс</kwd><kwd>угроза, исходящая от пандемии</kwd><kwd>контроль пандемии</kwd><kwd>неопределенность</kwd><kwd>моделирование структурными уравнениями</kwd><kwd>граждане России</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>21-18-00624</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pervichko EI, Koniukhovskaia JE. 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