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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">152</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP152</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDITORIAL</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Evolution of Diagnostic Boundaries of Alzheimer’s Disease and Novel Therapeutic Options</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эволюция диагностических границ болезни Альцгеймера и новые терапевтические возможности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-0240</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Svetlana</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Светлана Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Doctor of Sciences in Medicine, Professor, Head of Geriatric Psychiatry Department and Division of Cognitive Disorders and Dementia</p></bio><email>sigavrilova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mental Health Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр психического здоровья»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-02-04"><day>04</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Gavrilova S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Гаврилова С.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gavrilova S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаврилова С.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/152">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/152</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past three decades, the definition and diagnostic boundaries of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been repeatedly revised due to significant progress in understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer’s disease and in the development of high-tech diagnostic methods. The current approach to AD diagnostics relies on the detection of biomarkers that reflect two main neuropathological processes involved in the primary neurodegeneration that underlies AD: abnormal amyloidogenesis, and neuronal degeneration. The currently available diagnostic tools are limited to the detection of cerebrospinal biomarkers and/or assessment of the abnormal amyloid and tau protein burden in the brain via amyloid and tau positron emission tomography (PET) ligands. Practical implementation (mostly in the research field) of the biological model of AD diagnosis has led to a significant expansion of its diagnostic boundaries with the inclusion of predementia AD stages: asymptomatic and symptomatic, the latter is clinically corresponding to amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI-amnestic mild cognitive impairment). On the one hand, this approach significantly expands the possibilities to study and use preventive technologies aiming to avert or delay the progression of predementia cognitive impairment to dementia but, on the other, it is associated with a number of negative implications from both the clinical and ethical points of view. A significant limitation of purely biological diagnosis of AD based on biomarker levels is due to the low prognostic value of biomarkers, which can cause diagnostic confusion in certain circumstances. Moreover, since the future evolution of the asymptomatic stage is not yet clear and there are still no reliable ways to prevent the cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with AD, disclosure of stressful information about this “terrifying” diagnosis to patients can cause irreversible damage by triggering depressive disorder, which is a risk factor of AD itself.</p> <p>The current knowledge about AD prognosis in amyloid-positive cognitively unimpaired patients is insufficient.The most adequate approach to early AD diagnostics appears to be the clinical and biological model, as recommended by the International Working Group (IWG 2021), which requires a combination of the clinical AD phenotype and the detection of biomarkers specific to this disease.</p> <p>The article discusses the potential directions for the development of biological diagnostic methods, including those based on the so-called peripheral (serum) biomarker technologies and promising directions for the development of biological methods of secondary AD prevention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>За последние три десятилетия дефиниция и диагностические границы болезни Альцгеймера (БА) неоднократно пересматривались, что было связано с существенным прогрессом в понимании патогенетических механизмов альцгеймеровской нейродегенерации и в разработке высокотехнологичной диагностической техники. Современный подход к диагностике БА опирается на открытие биомаркеров,отражающих два главных нейропатологических процесса, вовлеченных в развитие первичной нейродегенерации, лежащей в основе БА, — аномального амилоидогенеза и нейрональной дегенерации. Существующие сегодня диагностические технологии ограничиваются выявлением ликворных сбиомаркеров и/или оценкой распространенности в структурах головного мозга амилоидной и тау-патологии с помощью позитронно-эмиссионной томографии (ПЭТ) с лигандами бета-амилоида и тау протеина. Внедрение в практику (в большей мере — исследовательскую) биологической модели диагностики БА привело к значительному расширению ее диагностических границ за счет включения додементных стадий заболевания — асимптоматической (бессимптомной) и симптоматической, клинически соответствующей синдрому мягкого когнитивного ухудшения амнестического типа (аМСI-amnestic mild cognitive impairment). Такой подход, с одной стороны, существенно расширяет возможности изучения и применения превентивных технологий, направленных на предотвращение или замедление перехода в деменцию додементных когнитивных расстройств, но с другой стороны сопряжен с рядом негативных последствий клинического и этического плана. Существенным ограничением чисто биологической диагностики БА на основе определения биомаркеров является низкая прогностическая ценность биомаркерных критериев, которая может в определенных случаях создавать диагностическую путаницу. Кроме того, раскрытие стрессогенной информации о «страшном» диагнозе пациенту при том, что траектория развития асимптоматической стадии еще надежно не определена и все еще нет надежного способа предотвратить развитие когнитивных и поведенческих симптомов, связанных с БА, может нанести непоправимый вред пациенту, спровоцировав депрессивного расстройства, которое само по себе является одним из факторов риска БА.</p> <p>На современном этапе неполных знаний о прогнозе развития БА у амилоид-позитивных когнитивно сохранных пациентов, наиболее адекватным подходом к ранней диагностике БА представляется клинико-биологическая диагностическая модель, рекомендуемая рабочей группой IWG 2021,которая требует сочетания клинического фенотипа БА и выявления биомаркеров,характерных для этого заболевания.</p> <p>В работе обсуждаются возможные направления развития биологических методов диагностики,в том числе, в области так называемых периферических (сывороточных) биомаркерных технологий и перспективные направления в разработке биологических методов вторичной профилактики БА.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd><kwd>diagnostic boundaries</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd><kwd>secondary prevention</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd><kwd>диагностические границы</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd><kwd>вторичная профилактика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. 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