<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15495</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP15495</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Using the Strategy of Genome-Wide Association Studies to Identify Genetic Markers of Suicidal Behavior: A Narrative Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование стратегии полногеномного поиска ассоциаций (GWAS) для идентификации генетических маркеров суицидального поведения: описательный обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-7120</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">M-2288-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1978-9868</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozanov</surname><given-names>Vsevolod</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розанов</surname><given-names>Всеволод Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Med.), Professor, Department of Psychology of Health and Deviant Behavior; Chief Scientist, Department of Borderline Disorders and Psychotherapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., Профессор, кафедра психологии здоровья и отклоняющегося поведения; главный научный сотрудник, отделения пограничных расстройств и психотерапии</p></bio><email>v.rozanov@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-9129</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazo</surname><given-names>Galina</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазо</surname><given-names>Галина Элевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Med.), Head of the Institute of Translational Psychiatry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., руководитель отделения эндокринологической психиатрии</p></bio><email>v.rozanov@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-06-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru">5-84</issue-title><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-10"><day>10</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-31"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Rozanov V., Mazo G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Розанов В., Мазо Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rozanov V., Mazo G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Розанов В., Мазо Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/15495">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/15495</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Several studies involving various suicidal phenotypes based on the strategy of the search of genome-wide associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms have been performed recently. These studies need to be generalized.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To systematize the findings of a number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for suicidal phenotypes, annotate the identified markers, analyze their functionality, and possibly substantiate the hypothesis holding that these phenotypes reflect a nonspecific set of gene variants that are relevant as relates to stress-vulnerability as a key endophenotype of suicidal behavior (SB).</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A search on the PubMed and related resources using the combinations “suicide AND GWAS” and “suicidal behavior AND GWAS” was performed. It yielded a total of 34 independent studies and meta-analyses.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> For the 10 years since such studies emerged, they have undergone significant progress. Estimates of the SNP heritability of SB in some cases are comparable with estimates of heritability based on the twin method. Many studies show a high genetic correlation with the genomic markers of the most common mental disorders (depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder). At the same time, a genomic architecture specific to SB is also encountered. Studies utilizing the GWAS strategy have not revealed any associations of SB with candidate genes that had been previously studied in detail (different neurotransmitters, stress response system, polyamines, etc.). Frequently reported findings from various studies belong in three main groups: 1) genes involved in cell interactions, neurogenesis, the development of brain structures, inflammation, and the immune responses; 2) genes encoding receptors for neurotrophins and various components of the intracellular signaling systems involved in synaptic plasticity, embryonic development, and carcinogenesis; and 3) genes encoding various neuro-specific proteins and regulators.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In general, GWAS in the field of suicidology mainly serve the purpose of a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. However, they also demonstrate growing capability in terms of predicting and preventing suicide, especially when calculating the polygenic risk score among certain populations (psychiatric patients) and in combination with tests of different modalities. From our point of view, there exists a set of markers revealed by the GWAS strategy that seems to point to a leading role played by stress vulnerability, an endophenotype that is formed during early development and which subsequently comes to play the role of key pathogenetic mechanism in SB.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ:</bold> В последние годы накапливаются данные, полученные с использованием стратегии поиска ассоциаций различных суицидальных фенотипов с однонуклеотидными полиморфизмами, которые нуждаются в обобщении.</p> <p><bold>ЦЕЛЬ:</bold> Систематизировать находки полногеномного поиска ассоциаций (GWAS) по суицидальным фенотипам, аннотировать выявленные маркеры, проанализировать их функциональность и найти возможные подтверждения гипотезы о том, что они отражают неспецифический набор генных вариантов, имеющих отношение к стресс-уязвимости как к ключевому эндофенотипу суицидального поведения.</p> <p><bold>МЕТОДЫ:</bold> Поиск материала осуществляли в базе данных PubMed по ключевым словосочетаниям «suicide AND GWAS», «suicidal behavior AND GWAS» с использованием взаимосвязанных источников, что позволило выявить 34 независимых исследования и метаанализа.</p> <p><bold>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ:</bold> За 10 лет с момента своего появления исследования этого типа продемонстрировали значительный прогресс. Оценки SNP-наследуемости суицидального поведения (СП) в ряде случаев приближаются к оценкам наследуемости близнецовым методом. Во многих исследованиях выявляется высокая генетическая корреляция с геномными маркерами наиболее распространённых психических расстройств (депрессия, биполярное расстройство, шизофрения, посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство), но в то же время обнаруживается и специфическая для СП геномная архитектура. Исследования в рамках стратегии GWAS не выявляют ассоциаций СП с наиболее детально исследованными ранее генами-кандидатами (медиаторные системы мозга, система стресс-реагирования, полиамины и др.). Повторяющиеся геномные находки относятся к трем основным группам: 1) гены, вовлечённые в межклеточные взаимодействия, формирование структур мозга, нейрогенез, воспаление и иммунные реакции; 2) гены, кодирующие рецепторы к нейротрофинам и различные компоненты внутриклеточных сигнальных систем, участвующих в синаптической пластичности, эмбриональном развитии и канцерогенезе; 3) гены, кодирующие различные нейроспецифические белки и регуляторы.</p> <p><bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ:</bold> Стратегия GWAS в сфере суицидологии в основном служит целям более глубокого понимания патофизиологии СП, но при этом демонстрирует растущий потенциал в плане предикции и превенции суицидов, особенно при расчёте полигенного риска, среди определённых контингентов (психиатрические пациенты) и в сочетании с тестами других модальностей. Выявляемый средствами GWAS набор наиболее часто повторяющихся маркеров, с нашей точки зрения, отражает ведущую роль в генезе СП феномена стресс-уязвимости — формируемого в процессе раннего развития эндофенотипа, который впоследствии играет роль ключевого патогенетического механизма суицида.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>suicidal behavior</kwd><kwd>genome-wide associative studies</kwd><kwd>genomic markers</kwd><kwd>stress vulnerability</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>суицидальное поведение</kwd><kwd>полногеномные ассоциативные исследования</kwd><kwd>геномные маркеры</kwd><kwd>стресс-уязвимость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский Научный Фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-15-00347</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Brent DA, Bridge J, Johnson BA, Connolly J. Suicidal behavior runs in families. A controlled family study of adolescent suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(12):1145–52. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120085015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>McGuffin P, Marusic A, Farmer A. What can psychiatric genetics offer suicidology? Crisis. 2001;22(2):61–5. doi: 10.1027//0227-5910.22.2.61</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Voracek M, Loibl LM. Genetics of suicide: a systematic review of twin studies. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119(15–16):463–75. doi: 10.1007/s00508-007-0823-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Edwards AC, Ohlsson H, Moscicki E, et al. On the genetic and environmental relationship between suicide attempt and death by suicide. Am J Psy. 2021;178(11):1060–9. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20121705</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Mann JJ, Rizk MM. A Brain-centric model of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(10):902–16. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081224</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai SJ, Hong CJ, Liou YJ. Recent molecular genetic studies and methodological issues in suicide research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(4):809–17. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Bondy B, Buettner A, Zill P. Genetics of suicide. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(4):336–51. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001803</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bush WS, Moore JH. Chapter 11: Genome-wide association studies. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(12):e1002822. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Dudbridge F, Gusnanto A. Estimation of significance thresholds for genomewide association scans. Genet Epidemiol. 2008;32(3):227–34. doi: 10.1002/gepi.20297</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Lewis CM, Vassos E. Polygenic risk scores: from research tools to clinical instruments. Genome Med. 2020;12:44. doi: 10.1186/s13073-020-00742-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Clinical Psychopharmacogenetics. In: Nasyrova RF, Neznanov NG, editors. St.Petersburg: DEAN; 2020. 408 p. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Mental Health and Substance Use (MSD). Suicide prevention: A global imperative. In: World Health Organization, editor. Geneva: Switzerland: WHO Press; 2014. 92 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Nock MK, Borges G, Bromet EJ, et al. Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30(1):133–54. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxn002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>McHugh CM, CorderoyA, Ryan CJ, et al. Association between suicidal ideation and suicide: Meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. BJPsych Open. 2019;5(2): e18. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2018.88</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Belsher BE, Smolenski DJ, Pruitt LD, et al. Prediction models for suicide attempts and deaths: A systematic review and simulation. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(6):642–51. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0174</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Fadista J, Manning AK, Florez JC, Groop L. The (in)famous GWAS P-value threshold revisited and updated for low-frequency variants. Eur J Hum Genet. 2016;24(8):1202–5. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.269</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Sokolowski M, Wasserman D. Genetic origins of suicidality? A synopsis of genes in suicidal behaviours, with regard to evidence diversity, disorder specificity and neurodevelopmental brain transcriptomics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;37:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.06.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Niculescu AB, Levey DF, Phalen PL, et al. Understanding and predicting suicidality using a combined genomic and clinical risk assessment approach. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(11):1266–85. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.112</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Sokolowski M, Wasserman J, Wasserman D. Genome-wide association studies of suicidal behaviors: A review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(10):1567–77. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.08.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Rozanov VA, Mazo GE, Kulemin NA. Genome-wide association studies in suicidology: A review of recent achievements. Russ J Genet. 2020;56:769–85. doi: 10.1134/S1022795420070121</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>van Heeringen K, Mann JJ. The neurobiology of suicide. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(1):63–72. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70220-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Wasserman D., Sokolowski M. Stress-vulnerability model of suicidal behaviours. In: D. Wasserman, editor. Suicide. An Unnecessary Death. 2nd edition; NY: Oxford University Press; 2016. P. 27–37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Gifuni AJ, Chakravarty MM, Lepage M, et al. Brain cortical and subcortical morphology in adolescents with depression and a history of suicide attempt. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2021;46(3):E347–E357. doi: 10.1503/jpn.200198</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>van Velzen LS, Dauvermann MR, Colic L, et al. Structural brain alterations associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people: results from 21 international studies from the ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours consortium. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(11):4550–60. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01734-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kim GW, Farabaugh AH, Vetterman R, et al. Diminished frontal pole size and functional connectivity in young adults with high suicidality. J Affect Disord. 2022;310:484–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Mirza S, Docherty AR, Bakian A, et al. Genetics and epigenetics of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: Systematic review of the suicide literature and methodological considerations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2022;189(7–8):221–46. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32917</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Laje G, Allen AS, Akula N, et al. Genome-wide association study of suicidal ideation emerging during citalopram treatment of depressed outpatients. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009;19:666–74. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e32832e4bcd</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Perroud N, Uher R, Ng MY, et al. Genome-wide association study of increasing suicidal ideation during antidepressant treatment in the GENDEP project. Pharmacogenomics J. 2012;12(1):68–77. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2010.70</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Menke A, Domschke K, Czamara D, et al. Genome-wide association study of antidepressant treatment-emergent suicidal ideation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:797–807. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.257</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Schosser A, Butler AW, Ising M, et al. Genome wide association scan of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in major depression. PLoSOne. 2011;6:e20690. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020690</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Perlis RH, Huang J, Purcell S, et al. Genome-wide association study of suicide attempts in mood disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1499–507. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040541</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Willour VL, Seifuddin F, Mahon PB, et al. A genome-wide association study of attempted suicide. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:433–44. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Mullins N, Perroud N, Uher R, et al. Genetic relationships between suicide attempts, suicidal ideation and major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide association and polygenic scoring study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2014;165B:428–437. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32247</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Zai CC, Gonçalves VF, Tiwari AK, et al. A genome-wide association study of suicide severity scores in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;65:23–29. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Sokolowski M., Wasserman J., Wasserman D. Polygenic associations of neurodevelopmental genes in suicide attempt. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(10):1381–90. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Bani-Fatemi A, Graff A, Zai C, et al. GWAS analysis of suicide attempt in schizophrenia: Main genetic effect and interaction with early life trauma. Neurosci Lett. 2016;622:102–6. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.043</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Stein MB, Ware EB, Mitchell C, et al. Genomewide association studies of suicide attempts in US soldiers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2017;174(8):786–97. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32594</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Kimbrel NA, Garrett ME, Dennis MF, et al. A genome-wide association study of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in U.S. military veterans. Psychiatry Res. 2018;269:64–9. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Galfalvy H, Zalsman G, Huang YY, et al. A pilot genome wide association and gene expression array study of suicide with and without major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013;14(8):574–82. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2011.597875</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Galfalvy H, Haghighi F, Hodgkinson C, et al. A genome-wide association study of suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2015;168(7):557–63. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32330</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Coon H, Darlington TM, DiBlasi E, et al. Genome-wide significant regions in 43 Utah high-risk families implicate multiple genes involved in risk for completed suicide. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(11):3077–90. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0282-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Strawbridge RJ, Ward J, Ferguson A, et al. Identification of novel genome-wide associations for suicidality in UK Biobank, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders and polygenic association with completed suicide. EBioMedicine. 2019;41:517–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Mullins N, Bigdeli TB, Børglum AD, et al. GWAS of suicide attempt in psychiatric disorders and association with major depression polygenic risk scores. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(8):651–60. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18080957</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Otsuka I, Akiyama M, Shirakawa O, et al. Genome-wide association studies identify polygenic effects for completed suicide in the Japanese population. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(12):2119–24. doi: 10.1038/s41386-019-0506-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Levey DF, Polimanti R, Cheng Z, et al. Genetic associations with suicide attempt severity and genetic overlap with major depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):22. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0340-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Brick LA, Marraccini ME, Micalizzi L, et al. Overlapping genetic effects between suicidal ideation and neurocognitive functioning. J Affect Disord. 2019;249:104–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>González-Castro TB, Martínez-Magaña JJ, Tovilla-Zárate CA, et al. Gene-level genome-wide association analysis of suicide attempt, a preliminary study in a psychiatric Mexican population. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2019;7(12):e983. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.983</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Erlangsen A, Appadurai V, Wang Y, et al. Genetics of suicide attempts in individuals with and without mental disorders: a population-based genome-wide association study. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(10):2410–21. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0218-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Docherty AR, Shabalin AA, DiBlasi E, et al. Genome-wide association study of suicide death and polygenic prediction of clinical antecedents. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(10):917–27. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19101025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Russell AE, Ford T, Gunnell D, et al. Investigating evidence for a causal association between inflammation and self-harm: A multivariable Mendelian Randomisation study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:43–50. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.065</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Campos AI, Verweij KJH, Statham DJ, et al. Genetic aetiology of self-harm ideation and behaviour. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9713. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66737-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Polimanti R, Levey DF, Pathak GA, et al. Multi-environment gene interactions linked to the interplay between polysubstance dependence and suicidality. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):34. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01153-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Zai CC, Fabbri C, Hosang GM, et al. Genome-wide association study of suicidal behaviour severity in mood disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2021;22(9):722–31. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1907711</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Levey DF, et al. Sex-stratified gene-by-environment genome-wide interaction study of trauma, posttraumatic-stress, and suicidality. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;14:100309. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100309</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Lybech LKM, Calabró M, Briuglia S, et al. Suicide related phenotypes in a bipolar sample: Genetic Underpinnings. Genes (Basel). 2021;12(10):1482. doi: 10.3390/genes12101482</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Mullins N, Kang J, Campos AI, et al. Dissecting the shared genetic architecture of suicide attempt, psychiatric disorders, and known risk factors. Biol Psychiatry. 2022;91(3):313–27. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Kimbrel NA, Ashley-Koch AE, Qin XJ, et al. A genome-wide association study of suicide attempts in the million veterans program identifies evidence of pan-ancestry and ancestry- specific risk loci. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(4):2264–72. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01472-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Li QS, Shabalin AA, DiBlasi E, et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of suicide death and suicidal behavior. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:891–900. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01828-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Kimbrel NA, Ashley-Koch AE, Qin XJ, et al. Identification of novel, replicable genetic risk loci for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among US Military Veterans. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80(2):135–45. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3896</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Docherty AR, Mullins N, Ashley-Koch AE, et al. GWAS Meta-analysis of suicide attempt: identification of 12 genome-wide significant loci and implication of genetic risks for specific health factors. Am J Psychiatry. 2023;180(10):723–38. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21121266</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Riboni FV, Belzung C. Stress and psychiatric disorders: from categorical to dimensional approaches. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2017;14:72–7. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Lewis CM, Vassos E. Polygenic risk scores: from research tools to clinical instruments. Genome Med. 2020;12:44. doi: 10.1186/s13073-020-00742-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Uher R, Zwicker A. Etiology in psychiatry: embracing the reality of poly-gene-environmental causation of mental illness. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(2):121–9. doi: 10.1002/wps.20436</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Middeldorp CM, Wray NR. The value of polygenic analyses in psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(1):26–8. doi: 10.1002/wps.20480</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Yang J, Zeng J, Goddard M, et al. Concepts, estimation and interpretation of SNP-based heritability. Nat Genet. 2017;49:1304–1310. doi: 10.1038/ng.3941</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>DiBlasi E, Kang J, Docherty AR. Genetic contributions to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Psychol Med. 2021;51(13):2148–55. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721001720</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, et al. The sources of parent-child transmission of risk for suicide attempt and deaths by suicide in Swedish national samples. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(10):928–35. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20010017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Mirza S, Fries GR. What is the future of suicide genetics? Braz J Psychiatry. 2023;45(1):3–4. doi: 10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2812</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
