<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15689</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP15689</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CASE REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Shared psychotic disorder in the digital age: a case series of virtual “folie à trois”</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Индуцированное бредовое расстройство в эпоху цифровых технологий: серия случаев виртуального «folie à trois»</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-9798</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57191832268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Banerjee</surname><given-names>Debanjan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Банерджи</surname><given-names>Дебанджан</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MBBS, MD (Psychiatry), DM (Geriatric Psychiatry) Consultant old-age psychiatrist</p></bio><email>dr.djan88@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Apollo Multispecialty Hospitals</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Многопрофильные больницы Apollo</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Banerjee D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Банерджи Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Banerjee D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Банерджи Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/15689">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/15689</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>This case series presents a unique manifestation of shared psychotic disorder “folie à trois” transmitted entirely through digital interactions. It is among the first documented clinical accounts demonstrating that immersive online alliances — without physical proximity — can serve as fertile ground for psychotic contagion. The report contributes to evolving psychiatric frameworks by highlighting the role of “virtual cohabitation” in shaping shared delusional systems.</p> <p><bold>CASE SERIES PRESENTATION:</bold> Three young adult males from different cities in West Bengal developed a shared persecutory delusional system over three years of daily interaction within an online gaming guild. The inducer (Case A) presented with severe paranoia, digital surveillance delusions, and insomnia. Recipients (Cases B and C) displayed alignment with these beliefs, marked social withdrawal, and psychological dependency on the inducer. All patients were diagnosed with shared psychotic disorder. Interventions included second-generation antipsychotics (risperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole), structured cognitive-behavioral therapy, digital hygiene protocols, and psychoeducation. Separation of digital communication among the triad facilitated therapeutic gains. All three demonstrated symptomatic improvement over 2–3 months, with partial restoration of social functioning.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This case underscores that psychological proximity fostered through immersive digital platforms may suffice for the transmission of delusional beliefs. Clinicians must routinely explore virtual relationships and digital group identities as potential vectors of psycho-pathology. Early detection, digital boundary setting, and integrative therapy approaches are essential in managing such emerging presentations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ: </bold>В работе представлены клинические случаи индуцированного бредового расстройства «folie à trois», уникальность которых заключается в том, что пациенты контактировали друг с другом только в цифровом пространстве. Это одно из первых документальных подтверждений гипотезы, что тесное онлайн-общение без физических контактов может стать благоприятной средой для развития указанного расстройства. Данная работа расширяет концепции психических расстройств, подчеркивая значение виртуального сосуществования в формировании общих бредовых идей.</p> <p><bold>ОПИСАНИЕ СЕРИИ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ СЛУЧАЕВ: </bold>У трех молодых мужчин, проживающих в разных городах индийского штата Западная Бенгалия, развился общий бред преследования после трех лет ежедневного общения во время онлайн-игр. У индуктора (случай А) наблюдался тяжелый паранойяльный синдром, бред цифрового преследования и бессонница. Реципиенты (случаи B и C) начали разделять эти убеждения, у них отмечалась выраженная социальная изоляция и психологическая зависимость от индуктора. У всех пациентов диагностировано индуцированное бредовое расстройство. Терапия включала антипсихотические препараты второго поколения (рисперидон, оланзапин, арипипразол), структурированную когнитивно-поведенческую терапию, а также программу цифровой гигиены и психообразование. Прекращение онлайн-коммуникаций между пациентами способствовало достижению целей лечения. Через 2–3 месяца у всех троих пациентов было достигнуто симптоматическое улучшение с частичным восстановлением утраченных социальных связей.</p> <p><bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: </bold>Представленные клинические случаи подчеркивают, что психологической близости, возникающей при тесном общении на цифровых платформах, может быть достаточно для передачи бредовых идей. Врачам следует систематически оценивать виртуальные отношения и групповую цифровую идентичность в качестве возможных путей распространения психопатологических нарушений. Раннее выявление, формирование цифровых границ и интегративные подходы к лечению имеют решающее значение в ведении этих новых проявлений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>shared psychotic disorder</kwd><kwd>folie à trois</kwd><kwd>digital cohabitation</kwd><kwd>online gaming</kwd><kwd>persecutory delusions</kwd><kwd>virtual psychopathology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индуцированное бредовое расстройство</kwd><kwd>folie à trois</kwd><kwd>цифровое сосуществование</kwd><kwd>онлайн-игры</kwd><kwd>бред преследования</kwd><kwd>виртуальная психопатология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shimizu M, Kubota Y, Toichi M, Baba H. Folie à deux and shared psychotic disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2007 Jun;9(3):200-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Incorvaia D, Helmes E. Shared psychotic disorder: A psychosocial psychosis? Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2006 Aug 1;2(3):353-60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>José MS, Mary VS. Shared psychotic disorder: a critical review of the literature. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 Sep;40(7):389-95.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Joshi KG, Frierson RL, Gunter TD. Shared psychotic disorder and criminal responsibility: a review and case report of folie à trois. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 2006 Dec 1;34(4):511-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Kellerman A. Social-spatial interaction, proximity, and distance: from face-to-face to virtual communications. Applied Mobilities. 2022 Oct 2;7(4):394-412.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Taylor SH, Zhao P, Bazarova NN. Social media and close relationships: a puzzle of connection and disconnection. Current opinion in psychology. 2022 Jun 1;45:101292.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmed W, Vidal-Alaball J, Downing J, et al. COVID-19 and the 5G conspiracy theory: social network analysis of Twitter data. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(5):e19458. doi: 10.2196/19458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Cinelli M, Quattrociocchi W, Galeazzi A, et al. The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16598. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol Rep. 1962;10:799–812. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261–276. doi: 10.1093/schbul/13.2.261</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>David AS. Insight and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;156(6):798–808. doi: 10.1192/bjp.156.6.798</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Morrison AP, Barratt S. What are the components of CBT for psychosis? A Delphi study. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(1):136–142. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp118</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Lincoln TM, Peters E. A systematic review and discussion of symptom specific cognitive behavioural approaches to delusions and hallucinations. Schizophr Res. 2019;203:66–79. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Schneider BC, Schröder J, Pantel J. Delusions in the digital age: A systematic review of psychotic experiences associated with online interactions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2023;101:102260.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Starcevic V, Baggio S., Berle D, et al. Cyberchondria and its relationships with related constructs: A network analysis. Psychiatry Q. 2019;90(3):491–505. doi: 10.1007/s11126-019-09640-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Gómez-Carrillo A, Kirmayer LJ. A cultural-ecosocial systems view for psychiatry. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1031390. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031390</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Bhui K, Bhugra D. Culture and delusions: reflections on content and context. In: Bhugra D, Bhui K, editors. Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018. p. 119–131.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ungvari GS, Leung HC. Delusional disorder in Hong Kong: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome over five years. Psychopathology. 1996;29(1):30–35.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Vigo L, Ilzarbe D, Baeza I, et al. Shared psychotic disorder in children and young people: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(12):1555–1566. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1236-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Riva G, Wiederhold BK, Cipresso P. Psychology of social media: From technology to identity. In: Riva G, Wiederhold BK, Cipresso P, editors. The psychology of social networking: personal experience in online communities. [S. l.]: De Gruyter Open; 2016. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1515/9783110473780-003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Torous J, Bucci S, Bell IH, et al, The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(3):318–335. doi: 10.1002/wps.20883</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Birnbaum ML, Rizvi AF, Confino J, Correll CU, Kane JM. Role of social media and the Internet in pathways to care for adolescents and young adults with psychotic disorders and non-psychotic mood disorders. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2017;11(4):290–295.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Aboujaoude E, Starcevic V. The Internet and psychopathy: A new frontier. In: Starcevic V, Aboujaoude E, eds. Mental Health in the Digital Age: Grave Dangers, Great Promise. Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 101–119.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Starcevic V, Aboujaoude E. Internet addiction: Reappraisal of an increasingly inadequate concept. CNS Spectr. 2017;22(1):7-13.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
