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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15731</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP15731</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Applicability of Regression Models for the Analysis of Ordinal PANSS Data in Schizophrenia: A Cohort Study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применимость регрессионных моделей для анализа порядковых данных PANSS при шизофрении: когортное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-1220</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55933857400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4430-6841</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gvozdeckii</surname><given-names>Anton N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гвоздецкий</surname><given-names>Антон Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Deputy Chief Physician for Organizational and Methodological Work</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры психиатрии и наркологии, заместитель главного врача по организационно-методической работе</p></bio><email>comisora@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-6727</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203003009</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5985-3715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokopovich</surname><given-names>Galina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокопович</surname><given-names>Галина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, associate professor, Chair of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, doctor-methodologist </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры психиатрии и наркологии, врач-методист</p></bio><email>galinapro1@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3582-6078</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57202999908</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4423-4454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dobrovolskaya</surname><given-names>Alla E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Добровольская</surname><given-names>Алла Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Narcology Department, Deputy Chief Medical Officer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, кафедра психиатрии и наркологии, заместитель главного врача по медицинской части</p></bio><email>maxmmm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9477-3566</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3608-7610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kusnirev</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушнерев</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student, psychiatrist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант, врач-психиатр</p></bio><email>splitter887@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-0198</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57202998979</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4846-6528</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sofronov</surname><given-names>Aleksander G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Софронов</surname><given-names>Александр Генрихович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Psychiatry and Narcology Department, Chief Medical Officer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой психиатрии и наркологии, главный врач</p></bio><email>alex-sofronov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The North-West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital No. 3 named after I.I. Skvortsov-Stepanov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГКУЗ «Городская психиатрическая больница № 3 имени И.И. Скворцова-Степанова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-30"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Gvozdeckii A.N., Prokopovich G.A., Dobrovolskaya A.E., Kusnirev I.S., Sofronov A.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Гвоздецкий А.Н., Прокопович Г.А., Добровольская А.Е., Кушнерев И.С., Софронов А.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gvozdeckii A.N., Prokopovich G.A., Dobrovolskaya A.E., Kusnirev I.S., Sofronov A.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гвоздецкий А.Н., Прокопович Г.А., Добровольская А.Е., Кушнерев И.С., Софронов А.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/15731">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/15731</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>There is ongoing debate about the appropriate measurement level for symptom severity scores derived from clinical rating scales. The use of statistically inappropriate analytical methods for such data may distort results and lead to misinterpretations.<bold>AIM: </bold>To study the applicability of linear, beta, beta-binomial, and ordinal regression models for assessing changes in schizophrenia symptoms over time using the PANSS.<bold>METHODS:</bold> The study cohort comprised patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Symptom severity was quantified using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Observation period, sex, brexpiprazole prescription upon admission, brexpiprazole monotherapy, and dropout from the study prior to completion of follow-up were used as covariates. Bayesian mixed-effects regression models were fitted to the obtained dataset: Model 1 (normal distribution), Model 2 (ordered beta distribution), Model 3 (beta-binomial distribution), and Model 4 (ordinal regression). The applicability of the models was assessed using the fit index γ, the proportion of predicted values that corresponded with any possible schizophrenia symptom score on the PANSS. A model was considered consistent at a γ=1. Additionally, the 95% Highest Density Interval (HDI) was calculated for γ.<bold>RESULTS: </bold>The study enrolled 24 patients with schizophrenia (75% of whom were men) aged 20 to 45 years. The fit index γ was 0.00 (95% HDI 0.00–0.00) for Model 1: 0.17 (95% HDI 0.14–0.21) for Model 2: 1.00 (95% HDI 1.00–1.00) for Model 3: and 1.00 (95% HDI 1.00–1.00) for Model 4. Model 1 allows results that fall outside the range of the PANSS. Models 1 and 2 can produce fractional values.<bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Statistical models designed to analyze continuous variables (linear and beta regression) are inapplicable for ordinal variables and, in particular, changes in schizophrenia symptoms over time on the PANSS. Beta-binomial and ordinal regression models are recommended for rating scores.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ: </bold>Существуют разные точки зрения на то, к какому уровню измерения относятся оценки выраженности симптомов, полученные с помощью рейтинговых шкал. Применение теоретически необоснованных методов анализа таких данных искажает результаты и приводит к их неверной интерпретации.<bold>ЦЕЛЬ: </bold>Изучить применимость линейной, бета-, бета-биномиальной, порядковой регрессии для оценки динамики симптомов шизофрении по шкале PANSS.<bold>МЕТОДЫ:</bold> Критериям включения соответствовали пациенты с шизофренией и шизоаффективным расстройством. Выраженность симптомов заболевания оценивали с помощью «Шкалы позитивных и негативных симптомов» (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS). В качестве ковариат использовали показатели времени наблюдения, пола, назначения брекспипразола при госпитализации, монотерапии брекспипразолом, выбывания из исследования до завершения наблюдения. На полученном наборе данных строили байесовские регрессионные модели со смешанными эффектами: модель 1 (нормальное распределение), модель 2 (упорядоченное бетараспределение), модель 3 (бета-биномиальное распределение), модель 4 (порядковая регрессия). Применимость моделей оценивали по индексу соответствия γ — доле предсказанных значений, которые соответствовали любой возможной оценке симптомов шизофрении по шкале PANSS. Модель считали состоятельной при γ, равном 1. Дополнительно для γ рассчитывали 95%-й интервал высокой плотности (Highest Density Interval, HDI).<bold>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: </bold>В исследовании приняли участие 24 пациента (75% мужчин) с шизофренией в возрасте от 20 до 45 лет. Для модели 1 индекс соответствия γ был равен 0,00 (95% HDI 0,00–0,00), для модели 2 — 0,17 (95% HDI 0,14–0,21), для модели 3 — 1,00 (95% HDI 1,00–1,00), для модели 4 — 1,00 (95% HDI 1,00–1,00). Модель 1 позволяет получать результат, выходящий за пределы шкалы PANSS. При использовании модели 1 и модели 2 возможно получение дробных величин.<bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: </bold>Предназначенные для анализа непрерывных величин статистические модели (линейная и бетарегрессия) неприменимы для анализа порядковых величин и, в частности, динамики симптомов шизофрении по шкале PANSS. Для моделирования рейтинговых оценок рекомендуется использовать бета-биномиальную и порядковую регрессии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>schizophrenia</kwd><kwd>Likert scale</kwd><kwd>PANSS scale</kwd><kwd>rating scale</kwd><kwd>ordinal data</kwd><kwd>measurement</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>шизофрения</kwd><kwd>шкала Ликерта</kwd><kwd>шкала PANSS</kwd><kwd>рейтинговая шкала</kwd><kwd>порядковые данные</kwd><kwd>измерение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Martin TH. Galilée: les droits de la science et la méthode des sciences physiques. Didier et cie; 1868.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	International Vocabulary of Metrology — Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM), 3rd ed. JCGM 200; 2012. doi: 10.59161/JCGM200-2012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	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