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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">189</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP189</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Association of Anxiety and Depression with Objective and Subjective Cognitive Decline in Outpatient Healthcare Consumers with COVID-19: А Cross-Sectional Study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Связь тревоги и депрессии с субъективным и объективным когнитивным снижением у пациентов, находящихся на амбулаторном лечении с COVID-19: кросс-секционное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-0861</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57216464358</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAB-6572-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4014-1508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gomzyakova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гомзякова</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, department of geriatric Psychiatry</p></bio><email>astragothic@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9313-5435</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">16473593800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AGN-3892-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8402-0960</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Palchikova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пальчикова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, junior researcher, department of geriatric Psychiatry</p></bio><email>ofcoursekate@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-8596</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57224679509</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5422-4593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tumova</surname><given-names>Marianna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тумова</surname><given-names>Марианна Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, junior researcher, department of biological therapy of the mentally ill</p></bio><email>marianna.tumova1otd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-2195</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57205549541</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4818-2523</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasyanov</surname><given-names>Evgeny D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касьянов</surname><given-names>Евгений Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, junior researcher, department of Translational Psychiatry</p></bio><email>ohkasyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-6365</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57191369987</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAN-5757-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7807-4497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>Mikhail Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Academic Secretary, Researcher of the Department of Integrative Pharmaco-Psychotherapy of patients with mental Disorders</p></bio><email>m.sorokin@bekhterev.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии имени В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-01"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-23"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Gomzyakova N.A., Palchikova E.I., Tumova M.A., Kasyanov E.D., Sorokin M.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Гомзякова Н.А., Пальчикова Е.И., Тумова М.А., Касьянов Е.Д., Сорокин М.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gomzyakova N.A., Palchikova E.I., Tumova M.A., Kasyanov E.D., Sorokin M.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гомзякова Н.А., Пальчикова Е.И., Тумова М.А., Касьянов Е.Д., Сорокин М.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/189">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/189</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In addition to the neurological complications affecting people infected with COVID-19, cognitive impairment symptoms and symptoms of anxiety and depression remain a frequent cause of complaints. The specificity of cognitive impairment in patients with COVID-19 is still poorly understood.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> An exploratory study of factors that may be associated with cognitive decline during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The cross-sectional multicentre observational study was conducted in a polyclinic unit in Saint Petersburg and in the regions of the North-Western Federal Region. During the study, socio-demographic parameters and information about the somatic condition of patients who applied for primary health care was collected. Emotional and cognitive state were investigated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Mathematical and statistical data processing was carried out using SPSS and RStudio statistical programs.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The study included 515 participants, 60% (n=310) of which were women. The sample was divided into those who did (28.5%, n=147) and did not (71.4%, n=368) complain of cognitive decline. Patients with complaints of cognitive decline were significantly older, had lower levels of education and higher levels of depression and anxiety according to HADS (p &lt;0.05). Patients with complaints of cognitive decline underwent the MoCA test (24.3%, n=125). The median MoCA test scores were within the normal range (Median=27, Q1=25, Q3=28), and cognitive decline (MoCA less than 26 points) was detected in 40% (n=50) of patients with complaints of cognitive decline. No significant correlations were found between the MoCA scores and the levels of anxiety and depression according to the HADS (p &gt;0.05). Patients with mild severity of the COVID-19 course were more successful with MoCA subtests than patients with moderate and severe courses.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We found no linear association between objective cognitive deficit and the affective state of respondents. Patients’ subjective complaints about cognitive dysfunction were mostly caused by their emotional state than an objective decrease of their cognitive functions. Therefore, in case of subjective complaints on cognitive decline, it is necessary to assess not only the cognitive but also the affective state of the patient. The severity of the COVID-19 course affects the functions of the cognitive sphere, including attention, regulatory functions and speech fluency. Mild and moderate severity of the COVID-19 correlates with clinically determined depression. The absence of this relationship with the severe course of the disease is probably explained by the significant somatic decompensation of patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ:</bold> Помимо неврологических симптомов, развивающихся у лиц, инфицированных COVID-19, симптомы тревоги и депрессии, когнитивные нарушения являются частым причинам жалоб. Специфика нарушений когнитивной сферы у пациентов с COVID-19 до сих пор изучена недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>ЦЕЛЬ:</bold> Поисковое исследование факторов, связанных с когнитивным снижением в период пандемии COVID-19.</p> <p><bold>МЕТОДЫ:</bold> Поперечное многоцентровое обсервационное исследование пациентов, находящихся на амбулаторном лечении в медицинских учреждениях Санкт-Петербурга и Северо-Западного федерального округа. В ходе исследования были собраны социально-демографические параметры и информация о соматическом состоянии пациентов, обратившихся за первичной медицинской помощью. Эмоциональное и когнитивное состояние исследовали с использованием Госпитальной шкалы тревоги и депрессии (HADS) и Монреальской когнитивной шкалы (MoCA). Математическая и статистическая обработка данных проводилась с использованием статистических программ SPSS и RStudio.</p> <p><bold>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ:</bold> В исследовании приняли участие 515 участников, 60% (n=310) из которых были женщины. Выборка была разделена на тех, кто жаловался (28,5%, n=147) и не жаловался (71,4%, n=368) на снижение когнитивных способностей. Пациенты с жалобами на снижение когнитивных функций были значительно старше, имели более низкий уровень образования и более высокие уровни депрессии и тревоги по данным HADS (р &lt;0,05). Пациентам с жалобами на снижение когнитивных функций была проведена оценка по шкале MoCA (24,3%, n=125). Медианные баллы MoCA были в пределах нормы (Медиана=27, Q1=25, Q3=28), снижение когнитивных способностей (MoCA менее 26 баллов) было обнаружено у 40% (n=50) пациентов с жалобами на когнитивное снижение. Не было обнаружено значимых корреляций между баллами MoCA и уровнями тревоги и депрессии в соответствии с HADS (p &gt;0,05). Пациенты с легкой степенью тяжести COVID-19 были более успешны в выполнении субтестов MoCA, чем пациенты с умеренным и тяжелым течением.</p> <p><bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ:</bold> Оценены факторы, которые, возможно, связаны со снижением когнитивных функций у пациентов поликлинических отделений в период пандемии COVID-19. Объективный когнитивный дефицит не имел линейной связи с аффективным состоянием респондентов. Однако субъективные жалобы на когнитивную дисфункцию у пациентов были в большей степени обусловлены эмоциональным состоянием, чем их объективным снижением когнитивных функций. Поэтому при наличии субъективного снижения когнитивных функций необходимо оценивать не только когнитивный профиль, но и аффективное состояние пациента. Тяжесть заболевания влияет на когнитивные функции, включая внимание, регуляторные функции и беглость речи. Легкая и умеренная степень тяжести COVID-19 коррелирует с клинически определяемой депрессией. Отсутствие этой взаимосвязи при тяжелом течении заболевания, вероятно, связано со значительной соматической декомпенсацией пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>subjective cognitive decline</kwd><kwd>anxiety</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>субъективное когнитивное снижение</kwd><kwd>тревога</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Blazhenets G, Schroeter N, Bormann T, Thurow J, Wagner D, Frings L, Weiller C, Meyer PT, Dressing A, Hosp JA. Slow but Evident Recovery from Neocortical Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in a Series of Chronic COVID-19 Patients. J Nucl Med. 2021 Jul 1;62(7):910–915. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262128. Epub 2021 Mar 31. 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