<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">202</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPECIAL ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СПЕЦИАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Community Mental Health Care in Aotearoa New Zealand: Past, Present, and the Road Ahead</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Организация амбулаторной психиатрической службы в Новой Зеландии: прошлое, настоящее и будущее</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2372-6854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ramalho</surname><given-names>Rodrigo</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рамальо</surname><given-names>Родриго</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="NZ">New Zealand</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Social and Community Health, School of Population Health</p></bio><email>r.ramalho@auckland.ac.nz</email><uri>https://profiles.auckland.ac.nz/r-ramalho</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4416-0674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Groot</surname><given-names>Shiloh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грут</surname><given-names>Шайло</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="NZ">New Zealand</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science</p></bio><email>s.groot@auckland.ac.nz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-0108</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>Peter J.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адамс</surname><given-names>Питер</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="NZ">New Zealand</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Department of Social and Community Health, School of Population Health</p></bio><email>p.adams@auckland.ac.nz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The University of Auckland</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оклендский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-24"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/202">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/202</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The healthcare system in Aotearoa New Zealand is currently undergoing a far-reaching overhaul. When it comes to mental health reforms, it is helpful to look at the road ahead, while paying attention to the road behind. Policies and services concerning the mental health and addiction sectors have undergone various reforms; first, during the transition from a hospital-centered to the current community-based system, and second, in the successive attempts to improve this system. In this article, we provide an overview of the current mental health and addiction health care system. We also discuss the impact of colonization on community mental health, the emergence of community-based mental health and addiction policy and services in Aotearoa New Zealand, and the challenges along the way. Finally, we identify five key areas requiring special attention during the current period of reform. Over all, we believe there is broad support for reducing the emphasis on individualized approaches to mental wellbeing and moving all systems and structures towards models inclusive of social context, including approaches that incorporate service users’ perspectives, family, communities, and culture. We look forward to policy and services with a much stronger orientation to the diverse needs of our population.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Существующая система здравоохранения Новой Зеландии (маори. Аотеароа) переживает период значительных изменений. Реформация сферы охраны психического здоровья требует прогнозирования, оценки перспектив и накопленного опыта. Принципы оказания помощи в области психиатрии и наркологии и услуги в этой сфере претерпели ряд реформ: первая была связана с переходом от стационарной системы психиатрической помощи к амбулаторной, вторая — с последовательными попытками улучшения амбулаторной помощи. В данной статье мы представили обзор современной системы здравоохранения в области психиатрии и наркологии. Также в формате дискуссии мы обсудили влияние колониального исторического прошлого на психическое здоровье населения, появление психиатрической и наркологической амбулаторной службы в Новой Зеландии, а также проблемы на пути становления этих служб. Мы выделили пять ключевых областей, которые требуют пристального внимания в ходе текущего реформирования системы амбулаторной помощи. Была выявлена тенденция к уменьшению значимости индивидуализированных подходов к психическому благополучию, все системы и структуры должны учитывать социальный контекст, потребности людей, которым оказывается помощь, роль семьи пациента и его сообщества, культурную составляющую. Мы надеемся, что в будущем принципы оказания помощи и службы охраны психического здоровья Новой Зеландии будут в значительной степени ориентированы на разнообразие потребностей местного населения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mental health</kwd><kwd>Aotearoa</kwd><kwd>New Zealand</kwd><kwd>community health services</kwd><kwd>community mental health care</kwd><kwd>deinstitutionalization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>психическое здоровье</kwd><kwd>Аотеароа</kwd><kwd>Новая Зеландия</kwd><kwd>службы общественного здравоохранения</kwd><kwd>амбулаторная психиатрическая служба</kwd><kwd>деинституционализация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa [Internet]. Ethnic group summaries reveal New Zealand’s multicultural make-up [cited 03 September 2020]. Available from: https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/ethnic-group-summaries-reveal-new-zealands-multicultural-make-up/.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Paterson R, Durie M, Disley B, Rangihuna D, Tiatia-Seath J, Tualamali’I J. New Zealand Government. He Ara Oranga: Report of the government inquiry into mental health and addiction. Government Inquiry into Mental Health and Addiction, Wellington: New Zealand; 2018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Christodoulou NG, Ramalho R. Changement de paradigme d’une medicine preventive centree sur la maladie a une medicine preventive centree sur la personne. In: Simon-Daniel K, Mezzich JE, editors. Médecine de la personne: un manifeste collectif qui s’ adresse aux médecins, soignants, malades et décideurs. Paris: Wolters Kluwer; 2012. p. 47–54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ramalho R. Psiquiatría y salud mental. Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Asuncion). 2009;42(1):55–58.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>King P, Hodgetts D, Rua M, Morgan M. Disrupting being on an industrial scale: Towards a theorization of Māori ways-of-being. Theory Psychol. 2017 Oct;27(1):095935431773355. doi: 10.1177/0959354317733552.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Durie M. Ngā Tai Matatū: Tides of Māori Endurance. Australia: Oxford University Press; 2005. 278 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Kukutai T. The problem of defining an ethnic group for public policy: Who is Māori and why does it matter? Social Policy Journal of New Zealand [Internet]. December 2004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Rua M, Hodgetts D, Stolte O, et al. Precariat Māori households today (Te arotahi series paper). Auckland: N.Z. Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga New Zealand’s Māori Centre of Research Excellence. May 2019 No. 02. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27887.89764.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Groot S, Peters E. Homelessness in New Zealand. In: Christensen J, Peters E, editors. Indigenous homelessness in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba; 2016. p. 321–388.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Māori land loss, 1860–2000 [cited 13 Aug, 2022]. Available from: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/interactive/maori-land-1860-2000.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Groot S, Vandenburg T, Hodgetts D. I’m tangata whenua, and I’m still here: Māori youth homelessness. In: Groot S, Van Ommen B, Masters-Awatere B, Tassell-Matamua N, editors. Precarity: Uncertain, insecure and unequal lives in Aotearoa. New Zealand: Massey University Press; 2017. p. 98–159.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Rua M, Groot S, Hodgetts D, et al. Decoloniality in being Māori and community psychologists: Advancing an evolving and culturally-situated approach. In: Groot S, Tassell-Matamua N, Van Ommen C, Masters-Awatere B, eds. Decoloniality and epistemic justice in contemporary community psychology. New Zealand: Massey University Press; 2021. p.177–191.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ministry of Health. Tatau Kahukura: Māori Health Chart Book 2015. 3rd ed. Wellington: Ministry of Health; 2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Groot S, Hodgetts D, Waimarea NL, Leggat-Cook C. A Māori homeless woman. Ethnography. 2011 Sep;12(3):375–397. doi: 10.1177/14661381 10393794.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Dudgeon P, Fielder J. Third spaces within tertiary places: Indigenous Australian studies. J Commun Applied Social Psychol. 2006 Sep;16(5):396–409. doi: 10.1002/casp.883.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Smith LT. Decolonising methodologies: Researching &amp; Indigenous peoples. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press; 1999.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Minister of Health. New Zealand health strategy: Future direction. Wellington: Ministry of Health; 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Penno E, Sullivan T, Barson D, Gauld R. Private choices, public costs: Evaluating cost-shifting between private and public health sectors in New Zealand. Health Policy. 2021 Mar;125(3):406–414. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.12.008. PMID: 33402263.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Te Pou o te Whakaaro Nui. Workforce stocktake. Final report to the Government Inquiry into Mental Health &amp; Addiction, June 2018. New Zealand mental health and addiction workforce: Challenges and solutions. Wellington: Te Pou o te Whakaaro Nui; 2018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>World Health Organization. Mental health atlas 2020 country profile: New Zealand [cited 13 Aug, 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/mental-health-atlas-nzl-2020-country-profile.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Brunton W. The place of public inquiries in shaping New Zealand’s national mental health policy 1858–1996. Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Oct;2(1):24. doi: 10.1186/1743-8462-2-24. PMID: 16216131. PMCID: PMC1351184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>O’Brien AJ, Kydd R. Compulsory community care in New Zealand mental health legislation 1846–1992. SAGE Open. 2013 Apr;3(2):2158244013490175. doi: 10.1177/2158244013490175.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Brunton W, McGeorge P. Grafting and crafting New Zealand’s mental health policy. In: Minas H, Lewis M, editors. Mental health in Asia and the Pacific. Springer; 2017. p. 273–287.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Soosay I, Kydd R. Mental health law in New Zealand. BJPsych Int. 2016 May;13(2):43–45. doi: 10.1192/s2056474000001124. PMID: 29093898. PMCID: PMC5619622.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Looking forward. Strategic directions for the mental health services. Wellington: Ministry of Health; 1994.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Mental Health Commission. Blueprint for mental health services in New Zealand: How things need to be. Wellington: Mental Health Commission; 1998.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Moving forward. the national mental health plan for more and better services. Wellington: Ministry of Health; 1997.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Mental Health Commission. Blueprint II: How things need to be. Wellington: Mental Health Commission; 2012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Te Ara. The Encyclopedia of New Zealand [Internet]. Brunton W. Mental health services [cited 13 Aug, 2022]. Available from: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/mental-health-services.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Diesfeld K. Apology in New Zealand’s mental health law context: An enigmatic juxtaposition. Waikato Law Review. 2012;20:50–66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Shaw CJ, Ali’imuamua S, Erueti A, Gibson P, Steenson J. Tawharautia: Purongo o Te Wā: Interim report. Vol. 1. Wellington: Abuse in Care Royal Commission of Inquiry; 2020. 188 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Brunton W. The origins of deinstitutionalisation in New Zealand. Health and History. 2003;5(2):75–103. doi: 10.2307/40111454.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Moon G, Kearns R. The afterlives of the psychiatric asylum: Recycling concepts, sites and memories. Farnham Surrey UK: Ashgate; 2016. 206 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Prebble CM. Ordinary men and uncommon women: A history of psychiatric nursing in New Zealand public mental hospitals, 1939–1972. Auckland: The University of Auckland; 2007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Durie M. Mauri Ora: The dynamics of Māori health. Melbourne: Oxford University; 2001. 314 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Durie M. Ngā Kāhui Pou: Launching Māori futures. Wellington: Huia Publishers; 2003. 356р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Durie M, Elder H, Tapsell R, Lawrence M, Bennett S. Maea te Toi Ora: Māori health transformations. Wellington: Huia Publishers; 2018. 245 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Mason K, Johnston J, Crowe J. Inquiry under Section 47 of the Health and Disability Services Act 1993 in respect of certain mental health services. Wellington: Ministry of Health; 1996. 137 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Mason KH, Bennett H, Ryan E. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into procedures used in certain psychiatric hospitals in relation to admission, discharge or release on leave of certain classes of patients. Wellington: New Zealand Government; 1988.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>McGeorge P. The life cycle, achievements and transformation of the New Zealand mental health commission: Opportunities and risks. Mental Health Rev J. 2012 Nov;17(4);187–198. doi: 10.1108/13619321211289263.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Leibrich J. Making space: Spirituality and mental health. Mental Health, Religion &amp; Culture. 2002 Jul;5(2):143–162. doi: 10.1080/13674670210144095.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Gawith L, Abrams P. Long journey to recovery for Kiwi consumers: Recent developments in mental health policy and practice in New Zealand. Australian Psychologist. 2006 Feb;41(2):140–148. doi: 10.1080/00050060600657988.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>O’Hagan M. The acute crisis: Towards a recovery plan for acute mental health services in New Zealand. Wellington: Mental Health Commission; 2006. 24 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Raeburn J. Community approaches to mental health promotion. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion. 2001;3(1):25–34.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Building on strengths: A new approach to promoting mental health in New Zealand/Aotearoa. Wellington: Ministry of Health; 2002. 56 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Vaughan G, Hansen C. ‘Like minds, like mine’: A New Zealand project to counter the stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness. Australas Psychiatry. 2004 Jun;12(2):113–117. doi: 10.1080/j.1039-8562.2004.02083.x. PMID: 15715752.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Process and impact evaluation: Community action on youth and drugs (CAYAD). Wellington: Ministry of Health; 2009. 51 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Hutson D, Hutson J. Set free: One hundred years of salvation army addiction treatment in New Zealand 1907–2006. Wellington: Flag Publications; 2013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Casswell S, Stewart L, Duignan P. The negotiation of New Zealand alcohol policy in a decade of stabilized consumption and political change: The role of research. Addiction. 1993 Jan;88:9S–17S. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02157.x. PMID: 8453350.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Adams PJ. Moral jeopardy: Risks of accepting money from the alcohol, tobacco and gambling industries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Kypri K, Connor J, Sellman D. The dissolution of the alcohol advisory council: A blow for public health. N Z Med J. 2015 Feb;128(1409):56–60. PMID: 25721962.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Adams PJ, Raeburn J, De Silva K. A question of balance: Prioritizing public health responses to harm from gambling. Addiction. 2009 May;104(5):688–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02414.x. PMID: 19215607.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Adams PJ, Rossen F. A tale of missed opportunities: Pursuit of a public health approach to gambling in New Zealand. Addiction. 2012 Jun;107(6):1051–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03800.x. PMID: 22563834.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>The New Zealand Herald [Internet]. Peter Adams: Don’t confuse mental health with addiction [cited 11 Mar, 2018]. Available from: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/news/peter-adams-dont-confuse-mental-health-with-addiction/PXFEOB4NAGRN36Z7QLLVISYG2M/.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
