<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">208</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP208</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiological Study on the Early Detection of Mental Disorders in Young Children in Russia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиологическое исследование раннего выявления психических расстройств у детей раннего возраста в России</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-4345</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4807-4178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Михаил Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Psychol.), Leading Researcher Associate of the Department of Child Psychiatry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат психологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела детской психиатрии</p></bio><email>ivanov-michael@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1369-8658</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4098-4837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boksha</surname><given-names>Irina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бокша</surname><given-names>Ирина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Chief Researcher of the Laboratory of Neurochemistry</p></bio><email>boksha_irina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3919-7045</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7735-2143</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balakireva</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балакирева</surname><given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Acting Head of the Department of Child Psychiatry</p></bio><email>balakirevalena@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5148-3864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyushnik</surname><given-names>Tatyana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюшник</surname><given-names>Татьяна Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director, Head of the Laboratory of neuroimmunology</p></bio><email>klushnik2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mental Health Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр психического здоровья»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-12-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-08-30"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/208">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/208</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Assessing the risk of children developing mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders (MBDDs), including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), as well as achieving early detection of such disorders, has become one of the most important undertakings for public mental health professionals worldwide.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: This study aims to evaluate the risk of developing MBDDs and the prevalence of MBDDs among young children (18–48 months old) in Russia.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: A two-level epidemiological screening approach was developed and adopted for the purposes of this study. At the first level, the parents of all children between 18 and 48 months old were questioned using Russian national validated Screening Checklist for Parents for Identification of the Risk of Mental, Behavioral, and Developmental Disorders in Early Childhood in nine regions of Russia (Volgograd, Kirov, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Tver, Chelyabinsk, Yaroslavl, and Stavropol). At the second level, children identified at the first level of screening as being at risk of developing MBDDs were assessed by a child psychiatrist on a voluntary basis and diagnosed according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision criteria.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: The present study revealed that the risk of developing MBDDs stands at 13.07% or 1,307 cases per 10,000 child population aged 18–48 months, whereas the prevalence of confirmed MBDDs is 1.51% or 151 cases per 10,000 among a Russian child population aged 18–48 months.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Screening for the risk of developing MBDDs, including ASDs, in Russia among very young children is a promising area of preventive medicine. This initiative allows us to develop optimal algorithms for specialized care measures that could help prevent the development and aggravation of children mental health issues.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</bold>: Оценка риска возникновения нарушений психического развития (НПР), психических и поведенческих расстройств, включая расстройства аутистического спектра (РАС), а также раннее выявление у детей НПР — это важнейшие направления деятельности специалистов по охране психического здоровья во всем мире.</p> <p><bold>ЦЕЛЬ</bold>: Настоящее исследование направлено на оценку риска развития НПР и распространенности НПР у детей раннего возраста (18–48 месяцев) в России.</p> <p><bold>МЕТОДЫ</bold>: Для достижения целей настоящего исследования разработан и применен двухуровневый подход к эпидемиологическому скринингу. На первом уровне сплошным методом были опрошены родители детей в возрасте от 18 до 48 месяцев с использованием отечественной валидизированной «Скрининговой анкеты для родителей по выявлению риска возникновения нарушений психического развития у детей раннего возраста» в девяти регионах России (Волгоград, Киров, Москва, Новосибирск, Оренбург, Тверь, Челябинск, Ярославль, Ставрополь). На втором уровне дети, идентифицированные на первом уровне скрининга как находящиеся в группе риска по развитию НПР, осматривались врачом-психиатром на добровольной основе и в ряде случаев устанавливался диагноз в соответствии с критериями МКБ-10.</p> <p><bold>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</bold>: Установлено, что риск НПР составляет 13.07%, или 1307 случаев на 10,000 детей в возрасте 18–48 месяцев, тогда как распространенность подтвержденных НПР составляет 1.51%, или 151 случай на 10,000 детей, среди детского населения России в возрасте 18–48 месяцев.</p> <p><bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</bold>: Скрининг риска развития НПР, в том числе РАС, в России среди детей раннего возраста является перспективным направлением профилактической медицины. Эта инициатива позволит разработать оптимальные алгоритмы проведения специализированных мероприятий по профилактике возникновения и усугубления проблем психического здоровья детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>early detection</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>screening</kwd><kwd>early childhood</kwd><kwd>mental</kwd><kwd>behavioral and developmental disorders</kwd><kwd>autism spectrum disorders</kwd><kwd>primary healthcare</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ранняя диагностика</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>скрининг</kwd><kwd>ранний детский возраст</kwd><kwd>нарушения психического развития</kwd><kwd>психические расстройства</kwd><kwd>расстройства аутистического спектра</kwd><kwd>первичная медико-санитарная помощь</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all — executive summary [cited 16 June 2022]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240050860.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Adolescent mental health [cited 17 November 2021]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Malhotra S, Patra BN. Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2014 Jul;8:22. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-8-22. PMID: 25071865. PMCID: PMC4113132.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Merikangas KR, Nakamura EF, Kessler RC. Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(1):7–20. doi: 10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/krmerikangas. PMID: 19432384. PMCID: PMC2807642.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Child psychiatric epidemiology: Stars and hypes. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;24(6):603–6. doi: 10.1007/s00787-015-0722-4. PMID: 25991558.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Robinson LR, et al. Health care, family, and community factors associated with mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders in early childhood — United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Mar;65(9):221–6. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6509a1. PMID: 26963052.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Ozonoff S. Editorial: Early detection of mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders: The ethical challenges of a field in its infancy. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015 Sep;56(9):933–5. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12452. PMID: 26257104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA. Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;56(3):345–65. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12381. PMID: 25649325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: Evidence for action. Lancet. 2011 Oct;378(9801):1515–25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1. PMID: 22008427.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Stiffler M, Dever B. History of screening practices, mental health assessment, and classification in the USA. Mental health screening at school. Contemporary issues in psychological assessment. Cham: Springer; 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-19171-3_2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Jackson S, Volkmar F. Diagnosis and definition of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. In: Volkmar F, ed. Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Cambridge University Press; 2019. р. 1–24. doi: 10.1017/9781108297769.002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Koch SV, Andersson M, Hvelplund C, Skovgaard AM. Mental disorders in referred 0–3-year-old children: A population-based study of incidence, comorbidity and perinatal risk factors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Aug;30(8):1251–1262. doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01616-2. PMID: 32815033.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Skovgaard AM. Mental health problems and psychopathology in infancy and early childhood. An epidemiological study. Dan Med Bull. 2010 Oct;57(10):B4193. PMID: 21040689.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Valla L, Wentzel-Larsen T, Hofoss D, Slinning K. Prevalence of suspected developmental delays in early infancy: Results from a regional population-based longitudinal study. BMC Pediatrics. 2015 Dec;15:215. doi: 10.1186/s12887-015-0528-z. PMID: 26678149. PMCID: PMC4683867.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Bazhenova O, Gorunova A, Kozlovskaya G, Skoblo G. An epidemiological study of mental disorders during early childhood in the Soviet Union. In: Albee GW, Bond LA, Monsey TV, eds. Primary prevention of psychopathology. Improving children’s lives: Global perspectives on prevention. Vol. 14. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications; 1992. р. 49–57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kalinina MA. [Long-term follow up of children with high risk of schizophrenia]. Psychiatry (Moscow). 2018;(2):41–47. doi: 10.30629/2618-6667-2018-78-41-47. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Kozlovskaya GV, Skoblo GV, Gorunova AV, Rimashevskaya NV. [Clinical and psychopathological aspects of mental disorders in infancy]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 1991;91(8):62–66. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Pierce K, Gazestani VH, Bacon E, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic stability of the early autism spectrum disorder phenotype in the general population starting at 12 months. JAMA Pediatrics. 2019 Jun;173(6):578–587. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0624. PMID: 31034004. PMCID: PMC6547081.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Lipkin PH, Macias MM, Council on children with disabilities, section on developmental and behavioral pediatrics. Promoting optimal development: Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan;145(1):e20193449. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3449. PMID: 31843861.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Izett E, Rooney R, Prescott SL, De Palma M, McDevitt M. Prevention of mental health difficulties for children aged 0–3 years: A review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021 Sep;11:500361. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.500361. PMID: 34777074. PMCID: PMC8579481.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Lyons-Ruth K, Todd Manly J, Von Klitzing K, et al. The worldwide burden of infant mental and emotional disorder: Report of the task force of the world association for infant mental health. Infant Mental Health J. 2017 Nov;38(6):695–705. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21674. PMID: 29088514.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Micali N. The effect of early developmental problems in infancy: Perspectives and clinical implications. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Nov;26(11):1281–1282. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1065-0. PMID: 29052013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Perry E, Baron M., Povey C; Autism Ageing Writing Group. Ageing in people with autistic spectrum disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;27(2):109–18. doi: 10.1002/gps.2711. PMID: 21538534.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Makushkin EV, Baybarina EN, Chumakova OV, Demcheva NK. [Fundamental tasks and problems of a mental health care of children in Russia]. Psychiatry (Moscow). 2015;4:5–11.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Simashkova NV, Klyushnik TP, Boksha IS, Ivanov MV, Iakupova LP. Approccio differenziato nei riguardi di pazienti di età infantile con disturbi dello spettro autistico in Russia. Autismo e disturbi del neurosviluppo. 2022;20(2):113–124. doi: 10.14605/AUT2022201.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Baranov AA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Albitckii VI, Terletckaia RN. [The prevention of disability as a leading priority of caring of mother and child health]. Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniia i Istor Med. 2019 May;27(3):216–221. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2019-27-3-216-221. PMID: 31251850. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ivanov MV, Simashkova NV, Kozlovskaya GV. Diagnosis of mental health and developmental disorders in early childhood (screening tool). In: Zvereva NV, Roshchina IF, eds. Methodological and applied problems of medical (clinical) psychology. Moscow; 2018. р. 212–221. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ivanov MV, Simashkova NV, Kozlovskaya GV, Makushkin EV. [The epidemiologic study of the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children of 16–24 months in Russia, 2015–2016]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2018;118(5-2):12–19. doi: 10.17116/jnevro20181185212. PMID: 30141782. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Ivanov M, Simashkova N, Kozlovskaya G, Makushkin E. [The screening of the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children aged 16–24 months in Russia, 2015]. European Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;41(S1):S442. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.448. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Gillberg C. The ESSENCE in child psychiatry: Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations. Res Dev Disabil. 2010 Nov-Dec;31(6):1543–51. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.06.002. PMID: 20634041.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Simpson TE, Condon E, Price RM, Finch BK, Sadler LS, Ordway MR. Demystifying Infant Mental Health: What the Primary Care Provider Needs to Know. J Pediatr Health Care. 2016 Jan-Feb; 30(1):38–48. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.09.011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Simashkova NV, Boksha IS, Klyushnik TP, Iakupova LP, Ivanov MV, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Diagnosis and management of autism spectrum disorders in Russia: Clinical-biological approaches. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019 Sep;49(9):3906–3914. doi: 10.1007/s10803-019-04071-4. PMID: 31124027.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Simashkova NV, Ivanov MV, Makushkin EV, Sharlay IA, Klyushnik TP, Kozlovskaya GV. [Screening of the risk of mental and developmental disorders in children of early age in the Russian population (2017–2019)]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(11):79–86. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202012011179.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Salamanca-Buentello F, Seeman MV, Daar AS, Upshur RE. The ethical, social, and cultural dimensions of screening for mental health in children and adolescents of the developing world. PLoS ONE. 2020 Aug;15(8):e0237853. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237853. PMID: 32834012. PMCID: PMC7446846.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>DuBay M, Watson LR, Méndez LI, Rojevic C. Psychometric comparison of the English and Spanish western-hemisphere versions of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers-revised. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2021 Dec;42(9):717–725. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000968. PMID: 34840315.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated June 13, 2019 No. 396n “O vnesenii izmenenii v Poryadok provedeniya profilakticheskikh meditsinskikh osmotrov nesovershennoletnikh, utverzhdennyi prikazom Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 10 avgusta 2017 g. № 514n”. Available from: https://minjust.consultant.ru/special/documents/document/44211. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Vasileva M, Graf RK, Reinelt T, Petermann U, Petermann F. Research review: A meta-analysis of the international prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in children between 1 and 7 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021 Apr;62(4):372–381. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13261. PMID: 32433792.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>von Klitzing K, Döhnert M, Kroll M, Grube M. Mental disorders in early childhood. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015 May;112(21-22):375–86; quiz 386. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0375. PMID: 26149380. PMCID: PMC4496484.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Dokukina TV, Marchuk SA. [Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of autism spectrum disorders in the republic of Belarus]. Vestnik soveta molodykh uchenykh i spetsialistov Chelyabinskoi oblasti. 2016;3(2):51–55. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years — autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network 11 sites United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2020 Mar;69(4):1–12. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1. PMID: 32214087. PMCID: PMC7119644.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Shaw KA, Maenner MJ, Baio J, et al. Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years — early autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, six sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2020 Mar;69(3):1–11. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6903a1. PMID: 32214075. PMCID: PMC7119643.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Kogan MD, Vladutiu CJ, Schieve LA, et al. The prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder among US children. Pediatrics. 2018 Dec;142(6):e20174161. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-4161. PMID: 30478241. PMCID: PMC6317762.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Zablotsky B, Black LI, Blumberg SJ. Estimated prevalence of children with diagnosed developmental disabilities in the United States, 2014–2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017 Nov;291:1–8. PMID: 29235982.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Wang F, Lu L, Wang SB, et al. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in China: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Int J Biol Sci. 2018 May;14(7):717–725. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.24063. PMID: 29910682. PMCID: PMC6001678.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Rødgaard E, Jensen K, Vergnes J, Soulières I, Mottron L. Temporal changes in effect sizes of studies comparing individuals with and without autism: A meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Nov;76(11):1124–1132. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1956. PMID: 31433441. PMCID: PMC6704749.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Fombonne E. Epidemiological controversies in autism. Swiss Arch Neurol Psychiatr Psychother. 2020 Jan;171:w03084. doi: 10.4414/sanp.2020.03084.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Brugha T, Bankart J, McManus S, Gullon-Scott F. CDC autism rate: Misplaced reliance on passive sampling? Lancet. 2018 Sep;392(10149):732–733. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31494-6. PMID: 30191823.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Zappella M. [Autism: a diagnostic dilemma]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2022;122(6):71–76. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202212206171. PMID: 35758950. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Brugha TS, McManus S, Bankart J, Jenkins R, Smith J, Scott F. The proportion of true cases of autism is not changing. BMJ. 2014 Jun;348:g3774. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3774. PMID: 24920691.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Myers J, Chavez A, Hill AP, Zuckerman K, Fombonne E. Epidemiological surveys of autism spectrum disorders. In: Volkmar FR, ed. Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press; 2019. р. 25–60. doi: 10.1017/9781108297769.003.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
