<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">33</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2712-7672-2020-1-1-60-70</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPECIAL ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СПЕЦИАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Community-based mental health services in Brazil</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Амбулаторная психиатрическая служба в Бразилии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-8949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Razzouk</surname><given-names>Denise</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Раззук</surname><given-names>Денис</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BR">Brazil</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sao Paulo</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сан-Паулу</p></bio><email>drazzouk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cheli Caparroce</surname><given-names>Daniela</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шели Капарроче</surname><given-names>Даниэла</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BR">Brazil</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sao Paulo</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сан-Паулу</p></bio><email>dani.chelic@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sousa</surname><given-names>Aglae</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соуза</surname><given-names>Аглае</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BR">Brazil</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sao Paulo</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сан-Паулу</p></bio><email>aasousa.08@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre of Mental Health Economics, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (Unifesp)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр экономики психического здоровья, кафедра психиатрии, Федеральный университет Сан-Паулу</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-09-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-09-01"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-09-01"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Razzouk D., Cheli Caparroce D., Sousa A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Раззук Д., Шели Капарроче Д., Соуза А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Razzouk D., Cheli Caparroce D., Sousa A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Раззук Д., Шели Капарроче Д., Соуза А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/33">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/33</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>The shift from the hospital-based model of care to community-based mental health services began three decades ago and is still an ongoing process in Brazil.</p> <p><bold>Objectives. </bold>To update data on the development of the community mental health services network in Brazil in relation to service availability and structure, manpower, pattern of service use, financing, epidemiological studies and the burden of mental disorders, research and national mental health policy.</p> <p><bold>Methods</bold>. Searches were constructed to collect data on indexed databases (Medline, Scielo), as well as governmental, NGOs and medical council sources, reports and the grey literature up until 30th March, 2019.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Community mental health services are unevenly distributed in the country. Brazil leads the world in terms of the prevalence of anxiety disorders, ranking fifth for depression prevalence. Violence and suicide rates are two growing factors which exacerbate the prevalence of mental disorders prevalence. An increased reduction of the number of psychiatric beds in the country, in addition to the unbalanced growth of services in the community, has resulted in treatment gaps and the underutilization of services and barriers to treating people with the most severe psychosis. Investment in mental healthcare is still scarce. However, mental health funding is not addressed according to the population´s needs and scientific evidence, resulting in a waste of resources and inefficiency. Programmes and service interruptions are common according to each government mandate.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Successive changes in ideological perspectives have led to the introduction of policies which have caused fragmentation in the mental health system and services. A lack of evaluation and transparency of services and costs are the main barriers to integrating multiple services and planning long-term developmental phases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Процесс перехода от стационарной модели психиатрической помощи к амбулаторной начался в Бразилии тридцать лет назад и продолжается в настоящее время.</p> <p><bold>Цели.</bold> Предоставить новые данные о развитии сети амбулаторной психиатрической службы в Бразилии, и осветить вопросы касающиеся доступности и структуры службы, персонала, особенностей использования службы, финансирования, результатов эпидемиологических исследований и оценки бремени психических расстройств, исследовательской работы и национальной политики в сфере психического здоровья.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Проведен поиск в индексированных базах данных (Medline, Scielo), сведений из правительственных и неправительственных источников, материалов медицинского совета, отчетов и «серой» литературы за период до 30 марта 2019 г.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Амбулаторные психиатрические учреждения распределены по стране неравномерно. Бразилия занимает 1-е место в мире по распространенности тревожных расстройств и 5-е место по распространенности депрессии. Увеличение числа случаев насилия и самоубийств способствует дальнейшему распространению психических расстройств. Сокращение числа психиатрических коек в стране в сочетании с несбалансированным расширением амбулаторной службы приводит к пробелам в лечении населения, недостаточному использованию услуг и препятствует лечению пациентов с наиболее тяжелыми формами психоза. Финансирование психиатрической службы по-прежнему слабое, кроме того, оно осуществляется без учета потребностей населения и научных данных, что приводит к нерациональной трате ресурсов и неэффективности системы. Существующие программы и работа службы зависят от правящих структур и часто приостанавливаются при смене власти.</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Последовательные идеологические перемены привели к политике, вызвавшей фрагментацию системы психиатрической помощи и психиатрической службы. Главными препятствиями на пути внедрения разнообразных типов услуг и планирования их поэтапной разработки в долгосрочной перспективе является недостаточная оценка работы службы и ее стоимости.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>community mental health services</kwd><kwd>Brazil</kwd><kwd>health policy</kwd><kwd>mental disorders</kwd><kwd>mental health</kwd><kwd>developing countries</kwd><kwd>health resources</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>амбулаторная психиатрическая служба</kwd><kwd>Бразилия</kwd><kwd>политика в сфере здравоохранения</kwd><kwd>психические расстройства</kwd><kwd>развивающиеся страны</kwd><kwd>медицинские ресурсы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Brazil, Ministério da Saúde. [Ministry of Health of Brazil]. Reforma psiquiatrica e politica e saúde mental no Brasil [Psychiatric reform and the mental health policy in Brazil]. Brasilia; 2005. Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/saude_mental_volume_5.pdf. [In Portuguese]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bolis M, PAHO/WHO. The Impact of the Caracas Declaration on the Modernization of Mental Health Legislation in Latin America and the English-speaking Caribbean. 9th Jul 2002; Amsterdam: PAHO/WHO; 2002 1-19. Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.525.8287&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kilsztajn S, Lopes E, LimaI L et al. Hospital beds and mental health reform in Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública 2008;24(10). doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2008001000016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Brazil, Federal Medical Council (Conselho Federal de Medicina do Brasil). Em 11 anos, o SUS perde quase 40% de seus leitos de internação em psiquiatria. 2017. [ In 11 years, SUS lost 40% of psychiatric beds] [In Portuguese] Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: https://www.crmpr.org.br/Em-11-anos-SUS-perde-quase-40-de-seus-leitos-de-internacao-em-psiquiatria-11-47847.shtml.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Brazil, Ministério da Saúde. [Ministry of Health of Brazil]. Panorama e Diagnóstico da Política Nacional de Saúde Mental. [ Overview and diagnostic of National Mental Health Policy] [In Portuguese]Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. [National Mental Health Policy Review. Ministry of Health of Brazil]. 2017. Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: http://www.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2017/setembro/04/2a-Apresentacao-CIT-Final.pdf. [In Portuguese]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Brazil, Ministério da Saúde. [Ministry of Health of Brazil]. Saúde Mental em dados 12. Ministério de Saúde do Brasil. [Mental Health in Data. Ministry of Health of Brazil]. 2015. Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/downloads/innovation/reports/Report_12-edicao-do-Saude-Mental-em-Dados.pdf. [In Portuguese]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Brazil, Ministério da Saúde. Nota Técnica 11/2019-CGMAD/DAPES/SAS/MS. [Technical Note 11/2019- CGMAD/DAPES/SAS/MS]Ministry of Health Brazil. 4-3-2019. Accessed 20th May, 2020. [In Portuguese] Available at: http://pbpd.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/0656ad6e.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Mateus MD, Mari JJ, Delgado PG et al. The mental health system in Brazil: Policies and future challenges. Int J Ment Health Syst 2008;2(1):12.doi: 10.1186/1752-4458-2-12. PMID: 18775070</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>PAHO. The Burden of Mental Disorders in the Region of the Americas, 2018. Washington DC: PAHO; 2018. Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49578</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Sousa I. Brazil: the world leader in anxiety and depression rates. Brazilian Psychiatric Journal 2017;39:384. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2300.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Marinho F et al. Burden of disease in Brazil, 1990–2016: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018;392(10149):760-775. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31221-2. PMID: 30037735.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ribeiro W, Mari J, Quintana M et al. The Impact of Epidemic Violence on the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS ONE 2013;8(5):e63545. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063545 PMID: 23667636</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Brazil, Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria da Vigilancia em Saude. [Ministry of Health of Brazil, Secretariat of Health Surveillance]. Perfil epidemiológico das tentativas e óbitos por suicídio no Brasil e a rede de atenção à saúde. Boletim Epidemiológico [Epidemiological profile of suicide attempts and deaths in Brazil and a health care network. Epidemiological Bulletin]. 2017;48(30):1-14.Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: http://portalms.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2017/setembro/21/2017-025-Perfil-epidemiologico-das-tentativas-e-obitos-por-suicidio-no-Brasil-e-a-rede-de-atencao-a-saude.pdf. [In Portuguese]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Thornicroft G, Alem A, Antunes Dos SR et al. WPA guidance on steps, obstacles and mistakes to avoid in the implementation of community mental health care. World Psychiatry 2010;9(2):67-77.doi: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00276.x. PMID: 20671888.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Jaen-Varas D, Mari J, Asevedo E et al. The association between adolescent suicide rates and socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a 10-year retrospective ecological study. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 2019;41:5. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0223.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Asevedo E, Ziebold C, Diniz E, Gadelha A, Mari J. Ten-year evolution of suicide rates and economic indicators in large Brazilian urban centers. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018;31:265-271.doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000412. PMID: 29528901.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Filembaum G, Blay S, Melo M et al. Use of mental health services by community-resident adults with DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a violence-prone area: São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Affective Disorders 2019;250:145-152.doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.010. PMID: 30856491.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Razzouk D, Kayo M, Sousa A et al. The impact of antipsychotic polytherapy costs in the public health care in Sao Paulo, Brazil. PlosOne 2015;10(4).doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124791PMC4390144.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Razzouk D. Accommodation and Health Costs of Deinstitutionalized People with Mental Illness Living in Residential Services in Brazil. Pharmacoeconomics Open 2019 Mar;3(1):31-42. doi: 10.1007/s41669-018-0078-z. PMID: 29713951.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Mental Health Atlas 2014: Brazil profile. World Health Organization. 2014. Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas/profiles-2014/bra.pdf?ua=1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Scheffer M et al. Demografia Médica no Brasil 2018. [Medical demographic in Brazil] São Paulo, SP: FMUSP, CFM, Cremesp, 2018. 286 p. ISBN: 978-85-87077-55-4. [In Portuguese]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Razzouk D. Cost variation of antipsychotics in the public health system in Brazil: the implication for health resource use. J Bras Econ Saúde 2017;9(suppl1):49-57.вщш: 10.21115/JBES.v9.suppl1.49-57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Razzouk D. Why should Brazil give priority to depression treatment in health resource allocation? Epidemiol Serv Saude 2016;25(4):845-848. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742016000400018.PMID: 27869978.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Quintana M, Andreoli S, Moreira F et al. Epidemiology of Psychotropic Drug Use in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Gaps in Mental Illness Treatments. PLoS ONE 2013;8(5):e62270. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062270PMID: 23690934.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Nascimento A, Galvanese A. Evaluation of psychosocial healthcare services in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública 2009;43(suppl1):1-6. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102009000800003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Sanches Z, Sanudo A, Andreoni S, Schneider D, Pereira A, Faggiano F. Efficacy evaluation of the school program Unplugged for drug use prevention among Brazilian adolescents. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1206). doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3877-0. PMID: 27899107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>National Health Council, CNS. Gastos dos brasileiros com saúde. [Brazilian health expenditures ] 2018. Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: https://www.spcbrasil.org.br/wpimprensa/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/An%C3%A1lise-Gastos-com-Sa%C3%BAde.pdf [In Portuguese]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Brazil, Ministerio da Fazenda. [Ministry of Finance of Brazil]. Aspectos fiscais da saúde do Brasil. [Fiscal aspects of health in Brazil]. Brasilia: Tesouro Nacional do Brasil; 2018. [Brazil National Trasury]. Accessed 20th May, 2020, Available at: http://www.tesouro.fazenda.gov.br/documents/10180/318974/AspectosFiscaisSa%C3%BAde2018/a7203af9-2830-4ecb-bbb9-4b04c45287b4. [In Portuguese]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Law 3.588, 21st December 2017, Ministry of Health Brazil (MS-Brazil), (2017). Accessed 20th May, 2020. Available at: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2017/prt3588_22_12_2017.html.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Razzouk D. Estimating costs of residential services. In: Razzouk D, editor. Mental Health Economics: The costs and benefits of psychiatric care. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. 253-266. 486p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Becker P, Razzouk D. Estimation of cost for community mental health services. In: Razzouk D, editor. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. 239-251. 486p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Becker P, Razzouk D. Cost of a community mental health service: a retrospective study on a psychosocial care center for alcohol and drug users in São Paulo. Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2018;136(5):433-441. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0164310818. PMID: 30570094.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Siomi A, Razzouk D. Costing psychiatric hospital wards in general hospitals. In: Razzouk D, editor. Mental Health Economics: The costs and benefits of psychiatric care. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. 225-237. 486p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Costa P, Colugnati F, Ronzan T. Mental health services assessment in Brazil: systematic literature review. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva 2015;20(10):3243-3253. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320152010.14612014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Mari JJ. Mental healthcare in Brazil: modest advances and major challenges. Advances in psychiatric treatment 2014;20:113-115.doi: 10.1186/1752-4458-2-12PMC2553047.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Loch A, Gattaz W, Rossler W. Mental healthcare in South America with a focus on Brazil: past, present, and future. Curr Opin Psychiatry 201;29:264-269.doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000259.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Andreoli S, Santos M, Quintana M et al. Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Prisoners in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. PlosOne 2014;9(2):e88836.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088836.PMID: 24551174.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Alonso J, Liu Z, Evans-Lacko S et al. Treatment gap for anxiety disorders is global: Results of the World Mental Health Surveys in 21 countries. Depress Anxiety 2018;1-14. doi: 10.1002/da.22711.PMID: 29356216.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Gonçalves D, Mari JJ, Bower P et al. Brazilian multicentre study of common mental disorders in primary care: rates and related social and demographic factors. Cad Saúde Pública 2014;30(3):623-632. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00158412.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Heidt R. Prevent Depression: Improving Access to Brazil's Mental Health Services. Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 2016;7(4):20-24. doi: 10.22359/cswhi_7_4_03.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Chisholm D, Sweeny K, Sheehan P et al. Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: a global return on investment analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016;3(5):415-424. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30024-4. PMID: 27083119.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Gregorio G, Tomlinson M, Gerolim J et al. Setting Priorities for Mental Health Research in Brazil. Brazilian Psychiatric Journal 2012;34(4):434-439. doi: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.05.006.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
