<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6150</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP6150</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pharmacological strategies for appetite modulation in eating disorders: a narrative review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фармакологические стратегии модуляции аппетита при расстройствах пищевого поведения: нарративный обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-4583</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57201876256</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6916-8907</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Mikhail Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci (Med.), Head of the Department for Treatment of Mental Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology<underline/></p></bio><email>popovmikhail@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9516-4427</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5859-3236</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepik</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепик</surname><given-names>Ольга Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department for Treatment of Mental Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</p></bio><email>ovlepik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-235X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7005474982</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8533-5080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlovskii</surname><given-names>Vladimir L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козловский</surname><given-names>Владимир Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci (Med.), Leading Researcher, Scientific and Organizational Department, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</p></bio><email>kvl1958@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-8080</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56806381800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2457-5815</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Yuri V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Юрий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci (Med.), Professor, Chief Researcher, Department for Treatment of Mental Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</p></bio><email>popov62@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">«Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-06-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-07-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-06-15"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Popov M.Y., Lepik O.V., Kozlovskii V.L., Popov Y.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Попов М.Ю., Лепик О.В., Козловский В.Л., Попов Ю.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Popov M.Y., Lepik O.V., Kozlovskii V.L., Popov Y.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попов М.Ю., Лепик О.В., Козловский В.Л., Попов Ю.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/6150">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/6150</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> A substantial increase in the prevalence of eating disorders has been noticed over the past decades. Priority in the treatment of eating disorders is justifiably given to psychosocial interventions. However, it is also well known that centrally acting drugs can significantly affect appetite and food consumption.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To narratively review the available neurobiological data on the mechanisms of central regulation of eating behavior as a rationale to summarize pharmacological strategies for appetite modulation in eating disorders.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The authors have carried out a narrative review of scientific papers published from January 2013 to March 2023 in the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases. Studies were considered eligible if they included data on the neurobiological mechanisms of appetite regulation or the results of clinical trials of centrally acting drugs in eating disorders. Relevant studies were included regardless of their design. Descriptive analysis was used to summarize the obtained data.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The review included 51 studies. The available neurobiological and clinical data allowed us to identify the following pharmacological strategies for appetite modulation in eating disorders: serotonergic, catecholaminergic, amino acidergic and peptidergic. However, implementation of these data into clinical practice difficult due to an insufficient number of good-quality studies, which is particularly relevant for adolescents as there is a research gap in this population.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The progress in neurobiological understanding of the mechanisms of central regulation of appetite opens opportunities for new pharmacotherapeutic approaches aimed at changing the patterns of eating behavior. Obviously, treatment of eating disorders is a much broader problem and cannot be reduced to the correction of eating patterns. Nevertheless, at certain stages of treatment, drug-induced modulation of appetite can play an important role among multi-targeted biological and psychosocial interventions. Translation of neurobiological data into clinical practice requires a large number of clinical studies to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapeutic approaches and to develop personalized algorithms for the treatment of various forms of eating disorders in different age groups.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ: </bold>На протяжении последних десятилетий наблюдается значительный рост частоты расстройств пищевого поведения. При лечении расстройств пищевого поведения приоритет обоснованно отдается психосоциальным интервенциям. Вместе с тем хорошо известно, что лекарственные препараты центрального действия способны оказывать существенное влияние на аппетит и потребление пищи.</p> <p><bold>ЦЕЛЬ: </bold>Проанализировать и обобщить имеющиеся нейробиологические данные о механизмах центральной регуляции пищевого поведения для обоснования фармакологических стратегий модуляции аппетита при расстройствах пищевого поведения.</p> <p><bold>МЕТОДЫ: </bold>Авторами выполнен нарративный обзор научной литературы, опубликованной за период с января 2013 г. по март 2023 г. в электронных базах данных PubMed и Web of Science. Исследования считались приемлемыми, если они включали данные о нейробиологических механизмах регуляции аппетита, а также результаты клинических исследований препаратов центрального действия при расстройствах пищевого поведения. Релевантные исследования включались в обзор независимо от их дизайна. Для обобщения полученной информации использовался описательный анализ.</p> <p><bold>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ:</bold> В обзор включено 51 исследование. Анализ имеющихся нейробиологических и клинических данных позволил обосновать следующие фармакологические стратегии модуляции аппетита при расстройствах пищевого поведения: серотонинергическая, катехоламинергическая, аминокислотергическая и пептидергическая. Однако недостаточное количество клинических исследований с высоким уровнем доказательности затрудняет внедрение полученных данных в клиническую практику, что особенно актуально для подросткового возраста ввиду практически полного отсутствия рандомизированных контролируемых исследований в этой возрастной популяции.</p> <p><bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ:</bold> Прогресс в нейробиологическом понимании механизмов центральной регуляции аппетита открывает перспективу разработки новых фармакотерапевтических подходов, направленных на изменение паттернов пищевого поведения. Лечение расстройств пищевого поведения, безусловно, представляет собой гораздо более широкую проблему, не сводимую исключительно к коррекции объема потребляемой пищи. Тем не менее на определенных этапах лечения фармакогенная модуляция аппетита может играть важную роль в ряду комплексных биологических и психосоциальных интервенций. Трансляция нейробиологических данных в клиническую практику требует проведения большого числа клинических исследований для подтверждения долгосрочной эффективности и безопасности фармакотерапевтических подходов и разработки персонализированных алгоритмов лечения различных вариантов расстройств пищевого поведения в разных возрастных популяциях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>eating disorders</kwd><kwd>anorexia nervosa</kwd><kwd>bulimia nervosa</kwd><kwd>binge-eating disorder</kwd><kwd>appetite regulation</kwd><kwd>pharmacotherapy</kwd><kwd>adolescence</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>расстройства пищевого поведения</kwd><kwd>нервная анорексия</kwd><kwd>нервная булимия</kwd><kwd>компульсивное переедание</kwd><kwd>регуляция аппетита</kwd><kwd>фармакотерапия</kwd><kwd>подростковый возраст</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Wu J, Liu J, Li S, et al. Trends in the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years of eating disorders from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Epidemiololgy and Psychiatric Sciences. 2020;29:e191. doi:10.1017/S2045796020001055.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Treasure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2010;375(9714):583-93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61748-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Aigner M, Treasure J, Kaye W, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2011;12(6):400-443. doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.602720.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>American Psychiatric Association: American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Eating Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson J. Drugs and appetite. Practitioner. 1974;212(1270 Spec No): 536-544.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Halford JC, Harrold JA, Lawton CL, Blundell JE. Serotonin (5-HT) drugs: effects on appetite expression and use for the treatment of obesity. Current Drug Targets. 2005;6(2):201-13. doi:10.2174/1389450053174550.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Picciotto MR, Kenny PJ. Mechanisms of nicotine addiction. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2021;11(5):a039610. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a039610.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Damiri B, Safarini OA, Nazzal Z, et al. Eating disorders and the use of cognitive enhancers and psychostimulants among university students: a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2021;17:1633-1645. doi:10.2147/NDT.S308598.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Pinder RM, Brogden RN, Sawyer PR, Speight TM, Avery GS. Fenfluramine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in obesity. Drugs. 1975;10(4):241-323. doi:10.2165/00003495-197510040-00001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Nasyrova RF, Sivakova NA, Ivashchenko DV, et al. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances: state-of-the-art. V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 2016;(3):67-80. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Abrams DI, Guzman M. Cannabis in cancer care. Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2015;97(6):575-586. doi:10.1002/cpt.108.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Schneider E, Higgs S, Dourish CT. Lisdexamfetamine and binge-eating disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the preclinical and clinical data with a focus on mechanism of drug action in treating the disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;53:49-78. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.08.001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Velazquez A, Apovian CM. Pharmacological management of obesity. Minerva Endocrinology. 2018;43(3):356-366. doi:10.23736/S0391-1977.17.02654-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Hilbert A, Hoek HW, Schmidt R. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for eating disorders: international comparison. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2017;30(6):423-437. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000360.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Barylnik YuB, Filippova NV, Antonova AA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders: multidisciplinary approach. Socialnaja I Klinicheskaja Psihiatrija. 2018;28(1):50-57. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Bilman E, van Kleef E, van Trijp H. External cues challenging the internal appetite control system – overview and practical implications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2017;57(13):2825-2834. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1073140.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Sohn JW. Network of hypothalamic neurons that control appetite. BMB Reports. 2015;48(4):229-233. doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.272.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Wei Q, Krolewski DM, Moore S, et al. Uneven balance of power between hypothalamic peptidergic neurons in the control of feeding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2018;115(40):E9489-E9498. doi:10.1073/pnas.1802237115.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Shah BP, Vong L, Olson DP, et al. MC4R-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus regulate feeding and are synaptically connected to the parabrachial nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2014 Sep 9;111(36):13193-13198. doi:10.1073/pnas.1407843111.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Zanchi D, Depoorter A, Egloff L, et al. The impact of gut hormones on the neural circuit of appetite and satiety: a systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017;80:457-475. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Augustine V, Gokce SK, Oka Y. Peripheral and central nutrient sensing underlying appetite regulation. Trends in Neurosciences. 2018;41(8):526-539. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Romanova IV, Derkach KV, Mikhrina AL, et al. The leptin, dopamine and serotonin receptors in hypothalamic POMC-neurons of normal and obese rodents. Neurochemical Research. 2018;43(4):821-837. doi:10.1007/s11064-018-2485-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kukkonen JP. Orexin/hypocretin signaling. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 2017;33:17-50. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_49.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Clifton PG, Kennett GA. Monoamine receptors in the regulation of feeding behaviour and energy balance. CNS &amp; Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets. 2006;5(3):293-312. doi:10.2174/187152706777452254.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Romanova IV, Morina IYu, Shpakov AO. Localization of 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B serotonin receptors in orexinergic neurons of the hypothalamic perifornical area of rodents. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2020;56(2):146-152. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Nonogaki K. The regulatory role of the central and peripheral serotonin network on feeding signals in metabolic diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(3):1600. doi:10.3390/ijms23031600.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Mukherjee S, Skrede S, Milbank E, et al. Understanding the effects of antipsychotics on appetite control. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022;8:815456. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.815456.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Pruccoli J, Parmeggiani A, Cordelli DM, Lanari M. The role of the noradrenergic system in eating disorders: a systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(20):11086. doi:10.3390/ijms222011086.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Smith SM, Meyer M, Trinkley KE. Phentermine/topiramate for the treatment of obesity. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2013;47(3):340-349. doi:10.1345/aph.1R501.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Qu N, He Y, Wang C, et al. A POMC-originated circuit regulates stress-induced hypophagia, depression, and anhedonia. Molecular Psychiatry. 2020;25(5):1006-1021. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0506-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Baik JH. Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviors. Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 2013;7:152. doi:10.3389/fncir.2013.00152.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Leigh SJ, Morris MJ. The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: an update. Biological Psychology. 2018;131:31-42. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Iqbal A, Hamid A, Ahmad SM, Lutfy K. The role of mu opioid receptors in high fat diet-induced reward and potentiation of the rewarding effect of oxycodone. Life (Basel). 2023;13(3):619. doi: 10.3390/life13030619.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Ziauddeen H, Chamberlain SR, Nathan PJ, et al. Effects of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist GSK1521498 on hedonic and consummatory eating behaviour: a proof of mechanism study in binge-eating obese subjects. Molecular Psychiatry. 2013;18(12):1287-1293. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.154.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Pastor V, Medina JH. Medial prefrontal cortical control of reward- and aversion-based behavioral output: bottom-up modulation. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2021;53(9):3039-3062. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15168.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Moore CF, Panciera JI, Sabino V, Cottone P. Neuropharmacology of compulsive eating. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Lond B: Biological Sciences. 2018;373(1742):20170024. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0024.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Wu J, Zhang L, Zhou X, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive antiseizure medications for Dravet syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:980937. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.980937.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI. Antidepressant drug therapy for bulimia: current status. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986;47(7):339-345.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Fluoxetine Bulimia Nervosa Collaborative Study Group. Fluoxetine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49(2):139-147.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Romano SJ, Halmi KA, Sarkar NP, et al. A placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in continued treatment of bulimia nervosa after successful acute fluoxetine treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159(1):96-102. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.96.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Fichter MM, Krüger R, Rief W, et al. Fluvoxamine in prevention of relapse in bulimia nervosa: effects on eating-specific psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996;16(1):9-18. doi:10.1097/00004714-199602000-00003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL, Winstanley EL, et al. Duloxetine in the treatment of binge eating disorder with depressive disorders: a placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2012;45(2):281-289. doi:10.1002/eat.20946.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Higgins GA, Fletcher PJ, Shanahan WR. Lorcaserin: a review of its preclinical and clinical pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2020;205:107417. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107417.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Carli M, Kolachalam S, Longoni B, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome: from molecular mechanisms to clinical differences. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(3):238. doi:10.3390/ph14030238.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Dold M, Aigner M, Klabunde M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs in anorexia nervosa: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2015;84(2):110-116. doi:10.1159/000369978.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Han R, Bian Q, Chen H. Effectiveness of olanzapine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior. 2022;12(2):e2498. doi:10.1002/brb3.2498.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Baptista-de-Souza D, Tavares LRR, Furuya-da-Cunha EM, et al. Chronic fluoxetine impairs the effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors activation in the PAG and amygdala on antinociception induced by aversive situation in mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020;11:260. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00260.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Hoogman M, Stolte M, Baas M, Kroesbergen E. Creativity and ADHD: a review of behavioral studies, the effect of psychostimulants and neural underpinnings. Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020;119:66-85. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.029.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Hassan SF, Zumut S, Burke PG, et al. Comparison of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in mediating the tachycardic and thermogenic effects of methamphetamine in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience. 2015;295:209-220. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Mitchell JE, et al. Efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine for treatment of adults with moderate to severe binge-eating disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(3):235-246. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>McElroy SL, Mitchell JE, Wilfley D, et al. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate effects on binge eating behaviour and obsessive-compulsive and impulsive features in adults with binge eating disorder. European Eating Disorders Review. 2016;24(3):223-231. doi: 10.1002/erv.2418.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Hudson JI, McElroy SL, Ferreira-Cornwell MC, et al. Efficacy of lisdexamfetamine in adults with moderate to severe binge-eating disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(9):903-910. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1889.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Wilfley DE, Crow SJ, Hudson JI, et al. Sibutramine binge eating disorder research group. Efficacy of sibutramine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;165(1):51-58. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06121970.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Fanelli D, Weller G, Liu H. New serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and their anesthetic and analgesic considerations. Neurology International. 2021;13(4):497-509. doi:10.3390/neurolint13040049.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Carroll FI, Blough BE, Mascarella SW, et al. Bupropion and bupropion analogs as treatments for CNS disorders. Advances in Pharmacology. 2014;69:177-216. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00005-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2022;230:107940. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Horne RL, Ferguson JM, Pope HG Jr, et al. Treatment of bulimia with bupropion: a multicenter controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988;49(7):262-266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Ruban A, Stoenchev K, Ashrafian H, Teare J. Current treatments for obesity. Clinical Medicine. 2019;19(3):205-212. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-205.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>McElroy SL, Guerdjikova A, Kotwal R, et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007;68(3):390-398. doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n0306.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Kozlovskii VL, Popov MYu. Biological aspects of treatment resistance in psychiatry and pharmacodynamic approaches to its management. Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(10):137-142. doi:10.17116/jnevro2020120101137. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Kozlovskii VL, Lepik OV, Popov MYu, Kosterin DN. The role of pharmacogenic factor in the modulation of compliance to treatment. V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 2022;56(3):8-12. doi: 10.31363/2313-7053-2022-56-3-8-12. Russian.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Hudson JI, et al. Zonisamide in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: an open-label, prospective trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004;65(1):50-56. doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0108.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Ricca V, Castellini G, Lo Sauro C, et al. Zonisamide combined with cognitive behavioral therapy in binge eating disorder: A one-year follow-up study. Psychiatry. 2009;6(11):23-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Nourredine M, Jurek L, Auffret M, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in binge eating disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Spectrums. 2021;26(5):459-467. doi:10.1017/S1092852920001613.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Dhillon S. Phentermine/topiramate: pediatric first approval. Paediatric Drugs. 2022;24(6):715-720. doi:10.1007/s40272-022-00532-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Jordan J, Astrup A, Engeli S, et al. Cardiovascular effects of phentermine and topiramate: a new drug combination for the treatment of obesity. Journal of Hypertension. 2014;32(6):1178-1188. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000145.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Zanos P, Gould TD. Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant. Molecular Psychiatry. 2018;23(4):801-811. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.255.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Corriger A, Pickering G. Ketamine and depression: a narrative review. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2019;13:3051-3067. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S221437.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Ragnhildstveit A, Slayton M, Jackson LK, et al. Ketamine as a novel psychopharmacotherapy for eating disorders: Evidence and future directions. Brain Sciences. 2022;12(3):382. doi:10.3390/brainsci12030382.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Mitchell JS, Hermens DF, Bennett MR, et al. Ketamine and zinc: treatment of anorexia nervosa via dual NMDA receptor modulation. CNS Drugs. 2023;37(2):159-180. doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00984-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Grilo CM, Lydecker JA, Morgan PT, Gueorguieva R. Naltrexone + bupropion combination for the treatment of binge-eating disorder with obesity: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Clinical Therapeutics. 2021;43(1):112-122.e1. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.10.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Lu HC, Mackie K. Review of the endocannabinoid system. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroimaging. 2021;6(6):607-615. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Pataky Z, Gasteyger C, Ziegler O, et al. Efficacy of rimonabant in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes. 2013;121(1):20-26. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1329957.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Renelli M, Fletcher J, Tupper KW, et al. An exploratory study of experiences with conventional eating disorder treatment and ceremonial ayahuasca for the healing of eating disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders. 2020;25(2):437-444. doi:10.1007/s40519-018-0619-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Spriggs MJ, Douglass HM, Park RJ, et al. Study protocol for “psilocybin as a treatment for anorexia nervosa: a pilot study”. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021;12:735523. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.35523.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Abdel-Magid AF. Antagonists of orexin receptors as potential treatment of sleep disorders, obesity, eating disorders, and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. ACS Mediclinical Chemistry Letters. 2016;7(10):876-877. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Dodd S, Carvalho AF, Puri BK, et al. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1): A new drug target for psychiatry? Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Review. 2021;120:537-541. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.028.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Moore CF, Sabino V, Cottone P. Trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) modulation of food reward. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018;9:129. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00129.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>van den Heuvel LL, Jordaan GP. The psychopharmacological management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2014;26(2):125-137. doi:10.2989/17280583.2014.909816.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Patel PK, Leathem LD, Currin DL, Karlsgodt KH. Adolescent neurodevelopment and vulnerability to psychosis. Biological Psychiatry. 2021; 89(2):184-193. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.028.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Andersen SL, Navalta CP. Altering the course of neurodevelopment: a framework for understanding the enduring effects of psychotropic drugs. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 2004;22(5-6):423-440. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
