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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">66</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP66</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunoinflammatory Profile in Patients with Episodic and Continuous Paranoid Schizophrenia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммунологический профиль у пациентов с эпизодической и непрерывной параноидной шизофренией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3604-9098</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malashenkova</surname><given-names>Irina K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малашенкова</surname><given-names>Ирина Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Medicine, Head of the Laboratory of Immunology and Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией иммунологии и вирусологии</p></bio><email>malashenkova.irina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krynskiy</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крынский</surname><given-names>Сергей Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>srgkr002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ogurtsov</surname><given-names>Daniil P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Огурцов</surname><given-names>Даниил Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ogurtsovdp@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hailov</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайлов</surname><given-names>Никита Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nik_khailov@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>Наталья Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nataliza80@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bravve</surname><given-names>Lidia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бравве</surname><given-names>Лидия Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bravve95@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaydan</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кайдан</surname><given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kaydan.maria@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chekulaeva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чекулаева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>chekulaevakatarina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreyuk</surname><given-names>Denis S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреюк</surname><given-names>Денис Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>denis.s.andreyuk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakov</surname><given-names>Vadim L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушаков</surname><given-names>Вадим Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tiuq@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Didkovsky</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дидковский</surname><given-names>Николай Антонович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>didkovskinic@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyuk</surname><given-names>Georgy P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюк</surname><given-names>Георгий Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>editorinchief@consortium-psy.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Virology at the National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лаборатория молекулярной иммунологии и вирусологии Национального исследовательского центра «Курчатовский институт»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины Федерального медико-биологического агентства России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mental-health Clinic No. 1, named after N.A. Alekseev</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Психиатрическая клиническая больница № 1 им. Н.А. Алексеева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Malashenkova I.K., Krynskiy S.A., Ogurtsov D.P., Hailov N.A., Zakharova N.V., Bravve L.V., Kaydan M.A., Chekulaeva E.I., Andreyuk D.S., Ushakov V.L., Didkovsky N.A., Kostyuk G.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Малашенкова И.К., Крынский С.А., Огурцов Д.П., Хайлов Н.А., Захарова Н.В., Бравве Л.В., Кайдан М.А., Чекулаева Е.И., Андреюк Д.С., Ушаков В.Л., Дидковский Н.А., Костюк Г.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malashenkova I.K., Krynskiy S.A., Ogurtsov D.P., Hailov N.A., Zakharova N.V., Bravve L.V., Kaydan M.A., Chekulaeva E.I., Andreyuk D.S., Ushakov V.L., Didkovsky N.A., Kostyuk G.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малашенкова И.К., Крынский С.А., Огурцов Д.П., Хайлов Н.А., Захарова Н.В., Бравве Л.В., Кайдан М.А., Чекулаева Е.И., Андреюк Д.С., Ушаков В.Л., Дидковский Н.А., Костюк Г.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/66">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/66</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Associations of disturbances in innate and adaptive immunity during the clinical course of schizophrenia have been found in a number of studies. Yet, the relationship of immune parameters and systemic inflammation in relation to the clinical course of the disease and its prognosis, remains poorly understood, which highlights an interesting topic for further research. The goal of this study was to research the immuno-inflammatory changes in patients with clinical continuous and episodic paranoid schizophrenia, to assess the pathogenetic significance of these changes.</p> <p><bold>Methods.</bold> Thirty-six patients with paranoid schizophrenia, of which 20 had episodic symptoms and 16 had continuous symptoms, consented to participate in the study, together with 30 healthy volunteers. In the study we assessed the parameters of innate immune response (serum levels of key pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein) and the adaptive immune response, including humoral-mediated immunity (serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG, circulating immune complexes), as well as the cell link of adaptive immunity (key lymphocyte subpopulations). Positive and negative symptoms were assessed with the positive and negative symptoms scale; frontal dysfunction was assessed by Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB).</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Both patient groups had higher than normal levels of C-reactive protein and IL-8. There was a significant elevation of circulating immune complexes among patients with continuous symptoms of schizophrenia, compared to patients with episodic symptoms and healthy controls. Levels of CD45+CD3+ lymphocytes (T-cells) differed between clinical groups, with higher values identified among patients with episodic symptoms and lower values among those with continuous symptoms. In addition, patients with episodic symptoms had significantly increased levels of CD45+CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127- regulatory T-cells. Finally, the level of CD45+CD3-CD19+ B-cells was significantly higher among patients with continuous symptoms vs. patients with episodic symptoms and the control groups. Markers of activation of humoral immunity were associated with the severity of frontal disorders in these patients.</p> <p><bold>Discussion.</bold> Comprehensive data on the serum level of cytokines and the parameters of adaptive immunity among individuals with continuous schizophrenia, by comparison with patients with episodic schizophrenia, are practically absent in the literature. We have shown that among those with continuous schizophrenia, there are signs of systemic inflammation and chronic activation of the adaptive humoral immune response, while among patients with episodic symptoms of the disease, there are signs of systemic inflammation and certain activation of cell-mediated immunity, without significant changes in the humoral link of adaptive immunity.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> More studies are needed, but the data obtained in this study are important for subsequent clinical studies of new treatment methods, based on various immunophenotypes of schizophrenia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>В ряде исследований были выявлены нарушения врождённого и приобретённого иммунитета на различных клинических стадиях шизофрении. Тем не менее связь иммунных параметров и системного воспаления с клиническим течением заболевания и его прогнозом остаётся малоизученной, что указывает на весьма перспективную тему для дальнейших исследований.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Оценка патогенетической значимости иммуновоспалительных изменений у больных с различным (эпизодическим или непрерывным) клиническим течением параноидной шизофрении.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>В исследовании приняли участие 36 пациентов, страдающих параноидной шизофренией, из них 20 с эпизодическим течением, 16 ― с непрерывным, и 30 здоровых добровольцев. В ходе исследования оценивались параметры врождённого (уровни ключевых провоспалительных и противовоспалительных цитокинов, С-реактивного белка в сыворотке) и приобретённого иммунного ответа, в том числе гуморального (уровни IgA, IgM, IgG, циркулирующих иммунных комплексов в сыворотке) и клеточного (ключевые субпопуляции лимфоцитов) звена адаптивного иммунитета. Выраженность позитивной и негативной симптоматики оценивалась с помощью шкалы оценки позитивных и негативных симптомов, выраженность лобной дисфункции ― с помощью теста «Батарея лобной дисфункции».</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Обе группы пациентов имели повышенные уровни С-реактивного белка и IL-8. Наблюдалось значительное повышение уровня циркулирующих иммунных комплексов у больных с непрерывным течением параноидной шизофрении в сравнении с эпизодическим течением и контрольной группой. Уровни CD45+CD3+ лимфоцитов (Т-клетки) различались между клиническими группами пациентов, при этом более высокие значения наблюдались при эпизодическом течении, а более низкие ― при непрерывном. Кроме того, у пациентов с эпизодическим течением значительно повышался уровень CD45+CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127- регуляторных Т-лимфоцитов, в то время как концентрация CD45+CD3-CD19+ В-клеток была значительно выше у больных с непрерывным течением, при этом уровень маркеров активации гуморального иммунитета в этой группе коррелировал с выраженностью лобной дисфункции.</p> <p><bold>Обсуждение.</bold> В доступной литературе практически отсутствуют результаты исследований по изучению содержания цитокинов в сыворотке и параметров адаптивного иммунитета при непрерывном течении шизофрении в сравнении с эпизодическим. В представленной работе показано, что при непрерывном течении шизофрении наблюдаются признаки системного воспаления и хронической активации гуморального звена адаптивного иммунного ответа, в то время как при эпизодическом течении ― признаки системного воспаления и некоторой активации клеточного звена без существенных изменений гуморального ответа.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Данные, полученные в рамках представленной работы, важны для последующих клинических исследований новых методов лечения, основанных на различных иммунофенотипах шизофрении.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adaptive immunity</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>schizophrenia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>приобретенный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>шизофрения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">NRC “Kurchatov Institute”</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1361</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">RFFR</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>17-29-02518</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lyubov EB, Yastrebov VS, Schevchenko LS, et al. 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