Consortium PSYCHIATRICUMConsortium PSYCHIATRICUMConsortium PSYCHIATRICUM2712-76722713-2919Eco-Vector71610.17816/CP716REVIEWОБЗОРReview ArticleModern Approaches to the Diagnosis of Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Literature ReviewСовременные подходы к диагностике когнитивного снижения и болезни Альцгеймера: нарративный обзор литературыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4182-55033120-8975OchnevaAleksandra G.ОчневаАлександра Геннадьевна
Russian Federation

Junior Researcher

младший научный сотрудник отдела шизофрении и других первично психотических расстройств НКИЦН

aleksochneva@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-36938980-8877SolovevaKristina P.СоловьёваКристина Павловна
Russian Federation

Junior Researcher

soloveva.kr@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8381-5445SavenkovaValeria I.СавенковаВалерия Игоревна
Russian Federation

Laboratory Research Assistant

savva9806@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-59167157-4900IkonnikovaAnna YuryevnaИконниковаАнна Юрьевна
Russian Federation

Leading Engineer

anyuik@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3183-318X6341-2455GryadunovDmitriy A.ГрядуновДмитрий Александрович
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci (Biology), Principal Scientist, Head of laboratory for molecular diagnostics technologies

gryadunov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-6343AndryuschenkoAlisa V.АндрющенкоАлиса Владимировна
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci (Med.)

alissia.va@gmail.comMental-health Clinic No. 1 named after N.A. AlexeevГБУЗ «Психиатрическая клиническая больница № 1 им. Н.А. Алексеева Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesИнститут молекулярной биологии им. В.А. Энгельгардта Российской академии наук310320234153620302202313032023Copyright ©; 2023, Ochneva A.G., Soloveva K.P., Savenkova V.I., Ikonnikova A.Y., Gryadunov D.A., Andryuschenko A.V.Copyright ©; 2023, Очнева А.Г., Соловьёва К.П., Савенкова В.И., Иконникова А.Ю., Грядунов Д.А., Андрющенко А.В.2023Ochneva A.G., Soloveva K.P., Savenkova V.I., Ikonnikova A.Y., Gryadunov D.A., Andryuschenko A.V.Очнева А.Г., Соловьёва К.П., Савенкова В.И., Иконникова А.Ю., Грядунов Д.А., Андрющенко А.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/716

BACKGROUND: The aging of the world’s population leads to an increase in the prevalence of age-related diseases, including cognitive impairment. At the stage of dementia, therapeutic interventions become usually ineffective. Therefore, researchers and clinical practitioners today are looking for methods that allow for early diagnosis of cognitive impairment, including techniques that are based on the use of biological markers.

AIM: The aim of this literature review is to delve into scientific papers that are centered on modern laboratory tests for Alzheimer’s disease, including tests for biological markers at the early stages of cognitive impairment.

METHODS: The authors have carried out a descriptive review of scientific papers published from 2015 to 2023. Studies that are included in the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were analyzed. A descriptive analysis was used to summarized the gleaned information.

RESULTS: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use, are reviewed. The most promising neurotrophic, neuroinflammatory, and genetic markers, including polygenic risk models, are also discussed.

CONCLUSION: The use of biomarkers in clinical practice will contribute to the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Genetic screening tests can improve the detection threshold of preclinical abnormalities in the absence of obvious symptoms of cognitive decline. The active use of biomarkers in clinical practice, in combination with genetic screening for the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease, can improve the timeliness and effectiveness of medical interventions.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Старение населения по всему миру ведет к увеличению распространённости ассоциированных с возрастом заболеваний, в том числе и когнитивных расстройств. На стадии деменции терапевтические вмешательства, как правило, малоэффективны. Поэтому в фокусе внимания современных исследователей и клиницистов — поиск способов ранней диагностики когнитивных расстройств, в том числе, с использованием биологических маркеров.

ЦЕЛЬ: Целью данного обзора литературы является анализ научных исследований, посвященных современному состоянию лабораторной диагностики болезни Альцгеймера, в том числе на ранних этапах развития когнитивных расстройств, с использованием биологических маркеров.

МЕТОДЫ: Авторы провели описательный обзор научных исследований, опубликованных в период с 2015 по 2023 год. Были проанализированы работы, представленные в электронных базах данных PubMed и Web of Science. Для обобщения полученной информации был использован описательный анализ.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Рассмотрены биологические маркеры крови и ликвора, преимущества и недостатки их применения. Также описаны наиболее перспективные нейротрофические, нейровоспалительные и генетические маркеры, в том числе модели полигенного риска.

ВЫВОДЫ: Использование биомаркеров в клинической практике будет способствовать ранней диагностике когнитивных расстройств при болезни Альцгеймера. Генетический скрининг способен повысить выявляемость патологических изменений на доклиническом этапе, когда явные симптомы когнитивных нарушений еще не проявились. В совокупности активное использование биомаркеров в клинической практике в комбинации с генетическим скринингом для ранней диагностики когнитивных расстройств при болезни Альцгеймера способно повысить своевременность и эффективность медицинского вмешательства.

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