<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consortium PSYCHIATRICUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-7672</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">92</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CP92</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPECIAL ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СПЕЦИАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Community-Based Mental Health Services in India: Current Status and Roadmap for the Future</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Внебольничные службы психиатрической помощи в Индии: текущее состояние и перспективы на будущее</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hans</surname><given-names>Gagan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ганс</surname><given-names>Гаган</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии</p></bio><email>gaganhans23@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharan</surname><given-names>Pratap</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаран</surname><given-names>Пратап</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Psychiatry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии</p></bio><email>pratapsharan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всеиндийский институт медицинских наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2021-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-11-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-07-14"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-08-04"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Hans G., Sharan P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Ганс Г., Шаран П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hans G., Sharan P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ганс Г., Шаран П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/92">https://consortium-psy.com/jour/article/view/92</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An estimated 197.3 million people have mental disorders in India, and majority of the population have either no or limited access to mental health services. Thus, the country has a huge burden of mental disorders, and there is a significant treatment gap. Public mental health measures have become a developmental priority so that sustainable gains may be made in this regard. The National Mental Health Program (NMHP) was launched in 1982 as a major step forward for mental health services in India, but it has only been able to partially achieve the desired mental health outcomes. Despite efforts to energize and scale up the program from time to time, progress with development of community-based mental health services and achievement of the desired outcomes in India has been slow. Public health measures, along with integration of mental health services in primary healthcare systems, offer the most sustainable and effective model given the limited mental health resources. The main barriers to this integration include already overburdened primary health centres (PHCs), which face the following challenges: limited staff; multiple tasks; a high patient load; multiple, concurrent programs; lack of training, supervision, and referral services; and non-availability of psychotropic medications in the primary healthcare system. Thus, there is an urgent need for a fresh look at implementation of the NMHP, with a focus on achieving sustainable improvements in a timely manner.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>По оценкам, в Индии 197,3 миллиона человек страдают психическими расстройствами, при этом большинство населения страны или вовсе не имеет возможности обратиться к службам психиатрической помощи, либо его доступ к ним ограничен. Таким образом, в стране прослеживается колоссальное бремя психических заболеваний при наличии существенной разницы между общим числом случаев возникновения рассматриваемых расстройств и количеством людей, получающих необходимое лечение. Меры профилактики психических заболеваний среди широких масс населения стали приоритетным направлением развития, ввиду чего в данной области можно ожидать долгосрочных успехов. В 1982 году была запущена Национальная программа психического здоровья (НППЗ) – важный шаг вперед в области развития служб психиатрической помощи Индии, который, однако, лишь отчасти смог достичь желаемых результатов в соответствующей области. Несмотря на все усилия по ускорению и оперативному расширению программы, прогресс в развитии внебольничных служб психиатрической помощи в Индии оказался недостаточным, а желаемые результаты не были достигнуты. Меры общественного здравоохранения, наряду с внедрением служб психиатрической помощи в систему первичной медико-санитарной помощи, предлагают наиболее устойчивую и эффективную модель с учетом ограниченных ресурсов специализированной психиатрической службы. Основным препятствием на пути такого внедрения является перегруженность центров первичной медико-санитарной помощи (ПМСП) и следующие проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются данные центры: ограниченное число персонала, чрезмерно широкий спектр задач, большое количество пациентов, единовременное проведение ряда различных программ, отсутствие профессионально подготовленных медицинских специалистов, надзорных и справочных служб и нехватка психотропных препаратов в системе первичной медико-санитарной помощи. Таким образом, существует острая необходимость в новом подходе к реализации НППЗ с фокусировкой на как можно более быстрое улучшение ситуации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>community psychiatry</kwd><kwd>India</kwd><kwd>low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)</kwd><kwd>public health</kwd><kwd>mental health services</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внебольничная психиатрия</kwd><kwd>Индия</kwd><kwd>страны с низким и средним уровнем дохода (СНСД)</kwd><kwd>здравоохранение</kwd><kwd>службы психиатрической помощи</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. The World health report : 2001 : Mental health : new understanding, new hope. Geneva: WHO; 2001. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. mhGAP: Mental Health Gap Action Programme: scaling up care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders. Geneva: WHO; 2008. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap_final_english.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lancet Global Mental Health Group: Chisholm D, Flisher AJ et al. Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet. 2007;370(9594):1241-1252. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61242-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Mental Disorders C. The burden of mental disorders across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2017. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):148-161. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30475-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lund C, De Silva M, Plagerson S, et al. Poverty and mental disorders: breaking the cycle in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1502-1514. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60754-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Nizamie SH, Goyal N. History of psychiatry in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010;52(Suppl 1):S7-S12. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.69195</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Chadda RK. Six decades of community psychiatry in India. Int Psychiatry. 2012;9(2):45-47. PMC6735056</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Murthy RS. Mental health initiatives in India (1947-2010). Natl Med J India. 2011;24(2):98-107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>National Mental Health Programme. Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://dghs.gov.in/content/1350_3_NationalMentalHealthProgramme.aspx</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Singh OP. District Mental Health Program - Need to look into strategies in the era of Mental Health Care Act, 2017 and moving beyond Bellary Model. Indian J Psychiatry. 2018;60(2):163-164. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_304_18</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Goel DS. Why mental health services in low- and middle-income countries are under-resourced, underperforming: an indian perspective. Natl Med J India. 2011;24(2):94-97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>District Census 2011. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Do India’s newly added districts yield desired governance results? Accessed August 18, 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/do-indias-newly-added districts yield-desired-governance-results/articleshow/70516246.cms?from=mdr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Gautham MS, Gururaj G, Varghese M, et al. The National Mental Health Survey of India (2016): Prevalence, socio-demographic correlates and treatment gap of mental morbidity. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;66(4):361-372. doi:10.1177/0020764020907941</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Improving health systems and services for mental health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44219/9789241598774_eng.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>New Pathways New Hope. National Mental Health Policy of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 2014. Accessed August 18, 2021. http://nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/National_Health_Mental_Policy.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Mental health atlas 2011. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2011. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/119996/emropub_2013_ 1578.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>United Nations Convention on the rights of Persons with disabilities, 2006. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Math SB, Basavaraju V, Harihara SN, et al. Mental Healthcare Act 2017 - Aspiration to action. Indian J Psychiatry. 2019;61(Suppl 4): S660-S666. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_91_19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Rights of Persons with disabilities Act, 2016. Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan), Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. Accessed August 18, 2021. http://disabilityaffairs.gov.in/content/page/acts.php</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Math SB, Chandrashekar CR, Bhugra D. Psychiatric epidemiology in India. Indian J Med Res. 2007;126(3):183-192. PMID: 18037711</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Petersen I, Marais D, Abdulmalik J, et al. Strengthening mental health system governance in six low- and middle-income countries in Africa and South Asia: challenges, needs and potential strategies. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32(5):699-709. doi:10.1093/heapol/czx014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Mugisha J, Abdulmalik J, Hanlon C, et al. Health systems context(s) for integrating mental health into primary health care in six Emerald countries: a situation analysis. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2017;11:7. doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0114-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Shidhaye R, Raja A, Shrivastava S, et al. Challenges for Transformation: A Situational Analysis of Mental Health Care Services in Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh. Community Ment Health J. 2015;51(8):903-912. doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9893-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kaur R, Pathak RK. Treatment gap in mental health: reflections from policy and research. Econ Polit Wkly 2017;52:34–40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Arvind BA, Gururaj G, Loganathan S, et al. Prevalence and socioeconomic impact of depressive disorders in India: multisite population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e027250. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027250</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, et al. Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? Lancet. 2007;370(9592):1061-1077. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Goel DS. The National Mental Health Program: Problems, perspectives, possibilities. In: Public mental health: An evolving field. Ministry of Health, Government of India; 2011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>India’s budget for mental health leaves a lot to be desired. Only INR 400 million for National Mental Health Programme. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://mediaindia.eu/society/mental-health-budget-2021/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Mental Health, not a priority, fiscally. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.ha-asia.com/mental-health-not-a-priority-fiscally/.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Sharan P, Sivakumar T. Roadmap for the Future: What is Needed in the Region? In: Trivedi J, Tripathi A, eds. Mental Health in South Asia: Ethics, Resources, Programs and Legislation. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine. Springer, Dordrecht;2015;263-277. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9017-8_15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Saraceno B, van Ommeren M, Batniji R, et al. Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9593):1164-1174. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61263-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Wig N. Vision 2020: Roadmap for the future-II. Mainstreaming mental health. In: Mental Health: An Indian Perspective, 1946–2003. Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, Government of India;2004:341-343.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Mental Health Atlas 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Kakuma R, Minas H, van Ginneken N, et al. Human resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action. Lancet. 2011;378(9803):1654-1663. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61093-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Trivedi JK, Jilani AQ. Pathway of psychiatric care. Indian J Psychiatry. 2011;53(2):97-98. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.82530</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Thornicroft G, Alem A, Antunes Dos Santos R, et al. WPA guidance on steps, obstacles and mistakes to avoid in the implementation of community mental health care. World Psychiatry. 2010;9(2):67-77. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00276.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Jacob KS. Repackaging mental health programs in low- and middle-income countries. Indian J Psychiatry. 2011;53(3):195-198. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.86798</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Eaton J, McCay L, Semrau M, et al. Scale up of services for mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2011;378(9802):1592-1603. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60891-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Saxena S, Sharan P, Saraceno B. Research for Change: the role of scientific journals publishing mental health research. World Psychiatry. 2004;3(2):66-72. PMC1414672</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Saxena S, Paraje G, Sharan P, Karam G, Sadana R. The 10/90 divide in mental health research: trends over a 10-year period. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188:81-82. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.011221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Saxena S, Sharan P. Research for change: supporting mental health research in India. Natl Med J India. 2003;16(3):122-125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Saxena S, Sharan P. Enhancing mental health research publication from low and middle-income countries. Indian J Psychiatry. 2004;46(1):72-78. PMC2912681</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Sharan P, Gallo C, Gureje O, et al. Mental health research priorities in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(4):354-363. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Goel D, Agarwal S, Ichhpujani R, Shrivastava S. Mental health 2003: The Indian scene. In: Mental health: An Indian perspective (1946–2003). Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India/ Elsevier;2004:3-24. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://mhpolicy.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/mental-health-e-book_published10oct20041.pdf</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
